juniperus communis fruit oil
volatile oil obtained from the berries of the juniper, juniperus communis l., cupressaceae
Supplier Sponsors
-
Naturally Inspiring! Our objective is to inspire the creative minds in the realm of beauty with exceptional ingredients! Based on more than a century of experience in Vallauris, France, Albert Vieille SAS has crafted exceptional savoir-faire in the realm of perfume plants. Albert Vieille SAS is a venerable company specializing in 100% pure and natural aromatic raw materials for professionals working in the perfumery, cosmetics, food and aromatherapy markets. We have more than 200 aromatic products – essential oil, floral water, scented water, absolute, concrete, resinoid, gum resin – for use in formulating scented and flavored creations. Albert Vieille offers only aromatic products that are 100% pure, meaning they are from botanically identified plants of single geographic origin. The products are also 100% natural, as they are obtained through physical processes, undergoing no chemical modification or denaturation by petrochemical-derived molecules. Email: Léa Septier US Email: Léa Septier Email: Christophe Delahaye US Email: Tugba Oozgen Voice: 0493647197Fax: +33 (0)4 93 64 80 07Facebook Instagram Linkedin Youtube RSS Feed Product news The Natural Gazette Harvest Calendar Products List: View Product(s): Juniper berries Essential oil Balkans The common juniper is a bushy shrub that grows in the temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It grows wild in Europe, North America, and Asia, where it extends as far as the Himalayas. The tree adapts morphologically to its surrounding climatic conditions: it adopts a slender shape in the flatlands and becomes a creeping plant in mountainous territory. This coniferous tree, covered with sharply spiked needles, bears fleshy green fruit with the characteristic, star-shaped feature. When juniper berries mature after two years, they darken to a purple or blue-black color. They are harvested manually through careful beating of the fruit-laden branches. The ripe berries are then gathered and the unripe berries are left for the next year’s harvest. They are then dried, spread out over mats. Distillation of the berries produces an essential oil with a balsamic, woody fragrance enhanced by a resinous note of pine needles. -
The Premier Supplier Augustus Oils Ltd, in harmony with nature - to present it at its best... A wealth of experience, expertise and knowledge has allowed Augustus to bridge the gulf in expectation and trust between growers and users of natural ingredients. The Company works in partnership with customers on the one hand, and growers, farmers and distillers on the other. Both users and producers can then focus on exactly what they do best, while skilled Augustus technicians closely monitor and control the delivered product. This ensures users can have the confidence that they will receive the best raw materials suited to their requirements. Email: Enquiries Email: Sales Email: web site enquiries Voice: +44 (0)1420 590555Fax: +44 (0)1420 592420Services Product(s): Juniper Berry Essential Oil Juniper Berry Aromatherapy Oil -
Chemical Distribution Azelis is a leading global distributor of speciality chemicals. Azelis is a leading global speciality chemicals distributor. We provide a diverse range of products and innovative services to more than 20,000 customers. Our in-depth local knowledge is supported by an international structure and value-added services including high levels of technical support and tailored solutions. Email: Info Email: Gaynor Cowan Voice: +44 1858 545 837United Kingdom +44 1858 545 837 Linkedin Google+ Explore Product(s): 102974 Organic Juniper Berry Oil Albania/East Europe -
Where the world comes to its senses Where the world comes to its senses - Berjé is a global distributor of Essential Oils and Aromatic Chemicals. Berjé is a family-owned business that has been in operation for six decades. The company's origins and strength lie in a profound understanding of the supply and the quality of the diverse raw materials consumed by the flavor and fragrance industries. This base was expanded upon more than two decades ago to include fragrance production. The company's unparalleled raw material expertise is focused on the supply of essential oils and aromatic chemicals. This is supported by our long-standing relationships with a worldwide fabric of producers ensuring the greatest prospects for uninterrupted supply in markets that are often volatile and unpredictable. Email: For Information Email: For Sales Voice: 973-748-8980Fax: 973-680-9618Flavor Ingredients Fragrance Ingredients Functional Ingredients Happening at Berje Products List: View Product(s): Organic Juniper Berry Oil Organic Juniperberry Oil -
Major international supplier Major international Producer of aromatic ingredients for the production of fragrances, flavors, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and Aromatherapy. Bontoux Inc. was established in 1993 to directly service our North American clientele. The facility primarily serves as a Sales Customer Service, Repacking and Distribution Center for our customers in North America. Email: Information US Email: Information Email: Sales US Email: Sales Voice: + 33.(0)4.75.28.64.64Fax: + 33.(0)4.75.28.60.32US Voice: + 1.908.755.4800US Fax: + 1.908.755.4844Facebook Instagram Linkedin Product(s): JUNIPER BERRY ESSENTIAL OIL -
Sharing What Nature Inspires US affiliate supplying Conventional and Certified Organic Essential Oils since 1998; specializing in French Essential Oils. Elixens America, Inc. has been supplying bulk Essential Oils to the Flavor & Fragrance Industry since 1998. We are the US affiliate of ELIXENS SA (Paris, France) and are your direct contact for bulk Essential Oils in North America. Our specialties are Lavandin and Lavender Essential Oils originating from the Provence Region of France as we have long-term partnerships with growers and farmers from the area. Our catalogue of items range from about 150 to 200 different Essential Oils depending on availability and crop season. In addition to our group’s production we also import various Essential Oils directly from source from around the world. Email: Jean-Pascal Abdelli (France) US Email: Adam Roman Email: Barbara Keen (UK) Voice: 33 (0) 1 34 48 57 57Fax: 33 (0) 1 34 64 94 27US Voice: 1.732.388.3555US Fax: 1.732.388.3565Cell 1.201.674.3603 Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Information and News Product(s): Juniperberry Essential Oil India 100% Pure and Natural Juniperberry Oil France 100% Pure and Natural Juniperberry Oil Nepal Certified Organic -
Ingredients by Nature Exceptional quality and excellence in meeting our customers requirements. Excellentia International was founded in 2010 through the merger of Excellentia Flavors LLC and Polarome International. Collectively, these companies account for more than one hundred years of industry experience, and are recognized for exceptional quality and excellence in meeting our customers’ requirements. Email: Info Email: Sales Email: Regulatory Voice: 732.749.9840Our Services Product(s): Juniperberry Oil -
Have A Flavorful Day A leading global manufacturer and supplier of ingredients for Flavors, Fragrances, AromaTherapy, Foods, Beverages, Personal Care Products, and other uses. Operating out of the 200,000 sq. ft., former Hercules/PFW facility in Middletown, NY; Fleurchem produces a full range of natural isolates, synthetic chemicals & specialities, essential oils and flavors. Additionally, the company performs toll manufacturing, as well as custom chemical synthesis for a wide range of clients. Email: Information US Voice: 845-341-2100US Fax: 845-341-2121Product(s): juniperberry oil -
Preferred Partner Accommodate each customers unique needs. Global Essence was founded in 1993 as a two person operation servicing regional customers in the New York/ New Jersey area. In the twenty years since, it has grown into a multinational operation with offices in the US, UK, and Singapore. These offices allow Global to provide regional support to its customers worldwide. As the world continues become more connected, this approach positions Global to continue to offer the highest quality products and experience to all of its customers. Email: Info US Email: Info Voice: +44 (0) 1279 876666Fax: +44 (0)1279 876646US Voice: 001 732 677 1100US Fax: 001 732 677 1107Blog Press Release News Product(s): Juniperberry Oil Juniperberry Oil Organic -
Innovative products Because your flavors and fragrances are only as good as their source "Since 1952" H. Interdonati, Inc. began in 1952 with the tradition of delivering quality pharmaceuticals and fine chemical ingredients at competitive prices. The mission was simple: To provide the most reliable, personal service in the industry. Email: Info US Email: Info Email: Sales US Email: Laura Interdonati (Sales) Voice: 800 367-6617Fax: 631 367-6626Featured Products Product(s): Juniper berry oil -
Perfumery and Aromatherapy materials since 1979 Hermitage Oils, the true home of essential oils! Hermitage Oils offers a selection of Absolutes, Essential Oils, Natural Isolates, Aroma Chemicals, CO2 Extracts, Ethanol Tinctures, and Extraits by Enfleurage. Email: Info Email: Sales Facebook Product(s): Juniper Berries Essential Oil -
Commitment to quality Idukern F&F Ingredients is your partner for the fragrance and flavor ingredients. Indukern F&F focuses in particular on the service it offers its clients in terms of quality, speed and direct consultancy with more than 1600 different products in stock ready for prompt shipment: Aromachemicals, Essential Oils and Natural Isolates. Email: Info Email: Luciana Soares (Brazil) Email: Gabriela Garcia (Mexico) Email: Jorge Eduardo Clavijo (Colombia) Voice: +34 93 506 91 00Fax: +34 93 506 91 95Services Quality Facilities Products List: View Product(s): JUNIPER BERRY OIL JUNIPER BERRY OIL RECTIFIED -
Independent Ingredients Supplier We provide custom synthesis and contract manufacturing from milligrams to metric tonnes. Jiangyin Healthway International Trade Co., Ltd is a professional company, main engaged in manufacturing and exporting aroma chemicals ,food additives , cosmetic ingredient ,pharmaceutical intermediates & other fine chemicals; especially on aroma chemicals , as the major manufacturer of heterocyclic and sulphur aroma compounds , we are the leading independent ingredients supplier to the flavour and fragrance industries in China, can offer hundreds of different high quality aroma chemicals. Email: Info Email: Sales Voice: 86-510-86023169Fax: 86-510-86023170Mobile 0086-13093133011 Services Biochemical Natural Food Colour New functional food ingredients Product(s): HL0443 Juniperberry oil , rectified -
A family company dedicated to sales and distribution Flexibility, availability, price and quality. Flexibility, availability, price and quality make LLUCH ESSENCE S.L. one of Europe’s references when it comes to essential oils and aroma chemicals, and it is now well known all around the world. Email: Info Voice: 34 93 379 38 49Fax: 34 93 370 65 04Linkedin Product(s): JUNIPERBERRY 1R OIL JUNIPERBERRY 2A OIL JUNIPERBERRY 2R SOL. OIL JUNIPERBERRY INDIA OIL -
Steady supply & demand Meeting customers increasing demands at home as well as abroad. M&U dedicates itself to the development and production of new products as well as continuously promoting those new products. We’ve maintained a steady supply&demand relationship with a large number of manufacturers at home and abroad. We’ve developed an extensive network and because of our relationships with these manufacturers, we’re able to provide a stable supply of great quality materials. We’re located in China’s largest communications hub, Shanghai and in the U.S. near one of the largest sea ports on the East Coast. The strategic locations of our facilities ensure convenient, prompt and secure delivery of our products to our customers. Email: Sales US Email: Sales Voice: +86-21-32515501 60762991 60762992Fax: +86-21-32515502 64204960US Voice: 908-359-9000US Fax: 908-359-9002News Product(s): O1017 Juniper Berry Oil -
THE CHEMISTRY OF EMOTIONS Innovation and commitment in the name of excellence. After 50 years in business, Moellhausen stands out as one of the world’s leading family-run companies in the industry of flavors and fragrances, raw materials, and specialties. Voice: +39 039.685.6262Fax: +39 039.685.6263Facebook Twitter Linkedin Youtube A network of knowledge to grow together Sustainability is at the foundation of a Pervasive technology and total control Product(s): 213555 JUNIPER BERRY EO DALMAZIA -
With a focus on providing the highest level of service OQEMA has established itself at the forefront of the global chemical industry. The guiding principles of OQEMA have always been to establish long term relationships with customers and suppliers alike to build sustainable and profitable business for all parties. Through OQEMA’s business divisions the company tailors products and services to better support and service our customers requirements. This structure also allows the company to focus its marketing campaigns more effectively to certain industries. Over the last decade OQEMA has achieved strong growth as a result of the expansion of our business model. Going forward, the company will be expanding this business model into existing and new strategic territories. Email: Contact Us: US Email: Dean Matienzo Email: Sales US Email: Dean Matienzo - Sales Manager Voice: +44 1993 843081Fax: +44 1993 841261US Voice: +1 973 886 3778US Fax: +1 973 346 1106Linkedin Website Global Distribution Product(s): Juniperberry Oil -
Chemistry innovation At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better. For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes. US Email: Technical Services US Email: Sales US Voice: (973) 740-2300US Fax: (973) 740-1839Product(s): 10-60000 JUNIPER BERRY OIL -
feeeel... the smell! The one-stop resource for the creative perfumer. No minimum orders. Aroma chemicals, essential oils, isolates, pheremones, absolutes, resinoids, FleuressenceTM key bases, PWx FactorTM, solubilizers, kits, creation systems, workshops, training, distance learning, The PerfumersWorld Perfumer's Studio, The Perfumer’s Formulation Bulletin, perfumery software, bespoke creation, analysis, consultancy, project counselling, trouble-shooting, unperfumed product bases, bottles, smelling strips, scales, distillation, equipment and inspiration! Email: Enquiries Email: Sales Voice: +66(0)2-99-800-80Fax: +66(0)2-99-800-80PerfumersWorld 
Facebook Twitter Google+ Youtube Resources Software: Perfumer's Workbook Product(s): 7KH00262 Juniper Berry Oil Blends-well-with - +Laurel Leaf +Myrrh +Elemi +Pine Needle +Labdanum vetiver sandalwood cedarwood mastic oakmoss galbanum elemi cypress clary sage pine lavender lavandin labdanum fir needle rosemary benzoin balsam tolu geranium and citrus oils. -
HOME OF NATURE, SEED TO SCENT HOME OF NATURE – natural ingredients from the source. Robertet is a leader in the production of natural ingredients with facilities in France, Bulgaria, Turkey, South Africa, India, China, New Caledonia,… Founded in 1850, Robertet remains a family owned business (5th Generation) and one of the largest producers of aromatic extracts. Brand acquisitions include: Charabot, Sapad, Hitex. US Email: Customer service US Email: Arnaud Adrian Email: Flavor: Email: Fragrance: Voice: 33 4 93 40 33 66Fax: 33 4 93 70 68 09US Voice: +1.201.337.7100+1 212 710 4600 Robertet New York Creative Center +1 212 245 4092 Robertet New York Creative Center Facebook Twitter Instagram Videos Vimeo Crop Calendar Product(s): 102974 JUNIPER BERRY Pure & Nat 102974R JUNIPER BERRY Pure & Nat, Rectified Ess Oil 102974F Juniper Berries Ess. oil (for fragrance) 99020879B Juniper Corsican organic oil 100% Pure & Natural -
Complete Supply Chain The perfect blend of products and services that bring your creativity to life. Sigma-Aldrich is a leading Life Science and High Technology company dedicated to providing high-quality, safe and certified flavor ingredients with transparent and easily accessible documentation to customers around the globe. Sigma-Aldrich also provides a suite of analytical tools that allow food analysts to simplify sample preparation, cleanup and analysis steps, while increasing sensitivity to trace ingredients and harmful substances to meet regulations and quality standards. Email: Information US Email: Sales US Voice: 800-244-1173US Fax: 800-368-4661Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Flavors and Fragrances Analysis FandF Newsletter Subscription Flavors and Fragrances Learning Center Certified Food Grade Products Product(s): W260401 Juniper berry oil, FG SDS -
For over 25 years Bringing flavour and fragrance into your world. As suppliers / distributors of ingredients to the fragrance and flavour industries, our goal is to provide high quality materials at competitive prices with an exceptional level of service. Established in 1984, SRS Aromatics Ltd is an independent family owned business which has become very well-respected within the fragrance and flavour industry as a reliable and trustworthy partner. Over the years this has allowed the company to develop strong relationships with many global manufacturers; several of whom we represent in the UK. A core aim of our business is to work extremely closely with both our suppliers and customers to maximise service levels with minimum disruption to supply. Email: Info Email: Sales Voice: +44 (0) 1284 704076Fax: +44 (0) 1284 760819Twitter Linkedin News Product(s): JUNIPER BERRY OIL JUNIPER BERRY OIL R.S. -
Supplying Asia Pacific We fully understand the demands of the F&F industry and we endeavour to supply quality products, with ready availability and a personalised service. Since 2001 TAYTONN has been distributing key ingredients to the Fragrance and Flavor industry in Asia. We work closely with customers, principals and vendors. Together we forecast demand and match it with supply of aroma chemicals, essential oils and natural isolates & extracts. Sourced from around the world, our F&F ingredient inventory in Singapore is ready to ship to any location in Asia and beyond. Time and again, we help our principals introduce new discoveries to the F&F market - stimulating creativity and bringing value added proposition to our customers. Email: Info Email: Sales Voice: + 65 - 6861 8113Fax: + 65 - 6861 8115Product(s): Juniper Berry Oil R.S. Juniperberry Oil -
Suppliers Since 1942 Supplying the fragrance and flavor industry with high quality products. The John D. Walsh Company, Inc. has evolved from its beginnings as an agent/broker into a distributor of essential oils, aroma chemicals, concretes and absolutes. We currently represent the following companies, as their North American distributor: Destilerias Munoz Galvez, S.A. International Flavors & Fragrances PFW Aroma Chemicals B.V. Innospec Widnes Limited Hydrodiffusion de Guatemala, S. A. DSM Nutritional Products The John D. Walsh Company, Inc. is proud to be a founding member of IFEAT, an active member of IFRA, North America, and a corporate sponsor of the WFFC. Email: Information Email: Sales Email: Firmenich Flavor inquiries Voice: 973-962-1400Fax: 973-962-1557Firmenich Flavor Phone: 973-962-1888 Firmenich Flavor Fax: 973-962-1898 History Product(s): Juniperberry Oil SDS -
Naturally Since 1908 Offering Essential Oils, Flavors, and Fragrances. about: We have spent over 100 years creating our legacy in Essential Oils, which are the building blocks of our Fragrances and Flavors. Lebermuth specializes in natural fragrance and flavor compounds utilizing our extensive palette, with vast experience across multiple industries with many exclusive brands. With more than 100 years of combined experience, each of our experts is a unique blend of technical knowledge and creative vision. We provide the distinctiveness,quality, and partnership you need to achieve your brand success. Email: Info Email: Sales US Voice: 1-800-648-1123US Fax: 1-800-852-4722Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Youtube FAQs Request A Sample Insights and News Spring/Summer 2022 Fragrance Trends Product(s): 50-6150-05-01 Juniper Berry Organic Oil 50-6150-01-01 Juniperberry Oil 50-6150-02-01 Juniperberry Pure Oil -
Your Sourcing Resource The Lermond family has been sourcing raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industry for nearly 7 decades. The Lermond Company is a women-owned distributor of raw materials primarily servicing the flavor and fragrance industry. For three generations, members of the Lermond family have been integral sourcing partners for the North American flavor and fragrance industry. We supply high quality essential oils, aroma chemicals, absolutes, concretes, resinoids and floral waters from around the world to the global industry. Email: Info Email: Tara Email: Erica Voice: 201-896-3300Fax: 201-623-2910Facebook Instagram Linkedin Product(s): 36705 JUNIPER BERRY OIL P&N - AV 36700 JUNIPER BERRY OIL, NATURAL 83405 JUNIPER BERRY OIL, ORGANIC -
Innovative ingredient solutions World-leading innovative ingredient solutions provider for the flavour, fragrance and FMCG industries. We offer innovative and trend-setting product concepts for our customers, collaborating with them to create true value for their products. Email: Enquiries US Email: Enquiries Voice: +44 (0) 1284 702500Fax: +44 (0) 1284 703809US Voice: +1 863 668 9500US Fax: +1 863 668 3388Twitter Linkedin Youtube News Product(s): Juniperberry Oil Kosher Organic Juniperberry Oil -
Driven by a mutual passion for excellence. Ultra International is one of the leading company in the Flavors and Fragrance industry. Ultra International is one of the leading company in the Flavors and Fragrance industry with a vision to be the Essential Source of Sensory Innovation for customers, driven by a mutual passion for excellence. Through unique sensory expertise and consumer insight, Ultra provides customers with the taste and smell profiles that are key to their products' success. Our passion for Perfumes and Flavors, our Creativity and Innovation, together with our exceptional understanding of sensory perceptions and trends, have forged our world-class reputation. Email: Bhuvana Nageshwaran US Email: Ravi Sanganeria Email: Prasenjit Mazumdar US Email: Lisa Piccininni Email: bhuvana@ultraintl.com Email: Colin Ringleib Voice: +91-9810011601 (Bhuvana Nageshwaran)Fax: 91-11-4151 7050US Voice: 001914316158091-120-4388500 91-11-41517010 Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin Resources Aromatherapy News Crop Calendar Products List: View Product(s): Juniper Berry Oil 
-
Continued Customer Satisfaction We employ our five senses to do our job well. Ventós has specialized in the distribution of raw materials for the flavour and fragrance industry. With more than 1700 references permanently available from stock, we offer a just-in-time response to our customer needs, being able to deliver from 1kg to several tonnes all over the world. Email: Information Email: Gemma Parramon (Europe) US Email: Jordi Sort (Northern Europe and US) Email: Olivia Gautier (Asia, Africa and Oceania ) Email: Ramon Rubau (Latin America) Voice: +34 934706210Fax: +34 934733010Press Ads Videos Product(s): JUNIPERBERRY OIL, INDIA JUNIPERBERRY OIL, RECTIFIED -
Passion for Simplicity Manufacturer and supplier of high quality flavor and fragrance ingredients. The growth and success of Vigon is due in large part to a unique corporate concept that Vigon has developed and established within the industry: Creative Partnerships. This partnership concept has been and continues to be the foundation and guiding principle for all of Vigon's activities. US Email: Sales US Voice: 570-476-6300US Fax: 570-476-1110Facebook Twitter Linkedin Newsletter Blog Products List: View Product(s): 501405 Juniper Berry Oil -
Premier source for aromas chemicals and essential oils Sourcing and supplying quality aroma chemicals and prestige natural ingredients for the flavour and fragrance industry. The flavour and fragrance industry's premier source for aroma chemicals and essential oils Following a corporate career spanning almost 20 years with Bush Boake Allen, Henkel, Bunzl and Amersham International, Zanos was formed by Julian Sarkar in 2000 to bring together best knowledge, contact networks and experience of the flavour and fragrance and speciality chemicals markets. Email: Contact Zanos Email: Lisa Senior Voice: +44 (0) 1565 755899Fax: +44 (0) 1565 755799Facebook Twitter Linkedin Latest News Products Representation Products List: View Product(s): Juniper Berry Oil
Category:flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Organoleptic Properties:
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
Safety in Use Information:
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
Synonyms:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Commercial Juniper Berry Oil is produced by two methods:
The best oil is steam distilled from the crushed, dried or partially dried, ripe berries. Occasionally water distillation is used. The greater part of all commercial juniperberry oil, however, is derived from the fermented fruits as a byproduct of the central European juniper brandy manufacturing. It should be noted that juniper berries contain certain amounts of fixed oil, occasionally called juniper oil.
minimizes hepatic reperfusion injury. tsca definition 2008: extractives and their physically modified derivatives. juniperus communis, cupressaceae.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
