furfural
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  • Organoleptics
      • Organoleptic Properties
        Odor Type :bready
        Odor Strength :medium ,
        recommend smelling in a 1.00 % solution or less
        Odor Description:
        at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol.         		sweet woody almond fragrant baked bread
        Luebke, William tgsc, (1995)
        Odor sample from :SAFC
        Odor Description:
        		Sweet, brown, woody, bready, caramellic, with a slight phenolic nuance
        Mosciano, Gerard P&F 18, No. 2, 38, (1993)
        Taste Description:
        at 30.00 ppm.          		Brown, sweet, woody, bready, nutty, caramellic with a burnt astringent nuance
        Mosciano, Gerard P&F 18, No. 2, 38, (1993)
        Substantivity :4 Hour(s)
  • Properties
      • Physical Properties
        Appearance :colorless to pale yellow clear oily liquid (est)
        Assay : 95.00 to 100.00 % 
        Food Chemicals Codex Listed :Yes
        Specific Gravity :1.15300 to 1.16200 @  25.00 °C.
        Pounds per Gallon - (est). : 9.594 to  9.669
        Refractive Index :1.52100 to 1.52900 @  20.00 °C.
        Melting Point : -36.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
        Boiling Point : 161.00 to  162.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
        Boiling Point : 72.00 °C. @ 25.00 mm Hg
        Acid Value : 1.00 max. KOH/g
        Vapor Pressure :2.234000 mm/Hg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
        Vapor Density :3.31 ( Air = 1 )
        Flash Point : 137.00 °F. TCC ( 58.33 °C. )
        logP (o/w) : 0.410
        Shelf Life : 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
        Storage :store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
  • Safety
      • Safety Information
        Most important hazard(s) :T - Toxic.
          R 21 - Harmful in contact with skin.
        R 23 - Toxic by inhalation.
        R 25 - Toxic if swallowed.
        R 36/37 - Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
        R 40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.
        S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
        S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
        S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
        S 45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately.
        Oral/Parenteral Toxicity : 
          gavage-rat LD50  [sex: M,F] M:145 - 204 F:90 - 119 mg/kg
        (Brown, 1982)

        oral-rat LD50  65 mg/kg
        Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. Vol. 13, Pg. 371, 1980.

        oral-mouse LD50  400 mg/kg
        Biochemical Journal. Vol. 34, Pg. 1196, 1940.

        intravenous-mouse LD50  152 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        intraperitoneal-mouse LD50  102 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        oral-guinea pig LD50  541 mg/kg
        KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" LIVER: "HEPATITIS (HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS), ZONAL" BLOOD: HEMORRHAGE
        Hygiene and Sanitation Vol. 32(5), Pg. 158, 1967.

        oral-rabbit LD50  7031 mg/kg
        Industrial Medicine and Surgery. Vol. 41, Pg. 31, 1972.

        intraperitoneal-rat LD50  1200 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 743, 1978.

        oral-dog LD50  950 mg/kg
        BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA
        "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 279, 1969.

        intravenous-dog LD50  250 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        parenteral-frog LDLo  23000 mg/kg
        Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 21, Pg. 65, 1923.

        intravenous-mouse LD50  152 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        oral-rabbit LDLo  800 mg/kg
        PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: FLACCID PARALYSIS WITHOUT ANESTHESIA (USUALLY NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKAGE) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
        Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 21, Pg. 65, 1923.

        Dermal Toxicity : 
          skin-rabbit LD50 620 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        subcutaneous-rat LD50 148 mg/kg
        BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
        "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 279, 1969.

        subcutaneous-mouse LD50 119 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        subcutaneous-dog LD50 214 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        subcutaneous-guinea pig LDLo 100 mg/kg
        Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 759, 1978.

        subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 500 mg/kg
        Hygiene and Sanitation Vol. 32(5), Pg. 158, 1967.

        Inhalation Toxicity : 
          inhalation-rat LC50 175 ppm/6H
        LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES
        American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 50, Pg. A359, 1989.

        inhalation-dog LC50 370 ppm/6H
        "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 279, 1969.

        inhalation-human TCLo 310 ug/m3
        Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Vol. 26(6), Pg. 3, 1961.

        inhalation-mouse TCLo 370 ppm/6H
        "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 279, 1969.
  • Safety in Use
      • Safety in Use Information
        Category :extraction solvents, flavoring agents
        Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU) :440.00 (μg/capita/day)
        Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA) :460.00 (μg/capita/day)
        Modified Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake (mTAMDI) :9700 (μg/person/day)
        Threshold of Concern :540 (μg/person/day)
        Structure Class :II
        Recommendation for furfural fragrance usage levels up to :
         not for fragrance use.
        Recommendation for furfural flavor usage levels up to :
          50.0000 ppm in the finished product.
         
        Food categories according to Commission Regulation EC No. 1565/2000 (EC, 2000) in FGE.06 (EFSA, 2002a). According to the Industry the "normal" use is defined as the average of reported usages and "maximum use" is defined as the 95th percentile of reported usages (EFSA, 2002i).
        Note : mg/kg = 0.001/1000 = 0.000001 = 1/1000000 = ppm.
         average usage mg/kgmaximum usage mg/kg
        Dairy products, excluding products of category 02.0 (01.0) : 25.0000060.00000
        Fats and oils, and fat emulsions (type water-in-oil) (02.0) : --
        Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet (03.0) : 25.0000050.00000
        Processed fruit (04.1) : -0.25000
        Processed vegetables (incl. mushrooms & fungi, roots & tubers, pulses and legumes), and nuts & seeds (04.2) : -0.25000
        Confectionery (05.0) : 25.00000700.00000
        Cereals and cereal products, incl. flours & starches from roots & tubers, pulses & legumes, excluding bakery (06.0) : 5.0000025.00000
        Bakery wares (07.0) : 5.0000025.00000
        Meat and meat products, including poultry and game (08.0) : --
        Fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms (MCE) (09.0) : --
        Eggs and egg products (10.0) : --
        Sweeteners, including honey (11.0) : --
        Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads, protein products, etc. (12.0) : 25.0000063.00000
        Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (13.0) : 25.00000-
        Non-alcoholic ("soft") beverages, excl. dairy products (14.1) : 15.0000028.00000
        Alcoholic beverages, incl. alcohol-free and low-alcoholic counterparts (14.2) : 17.0000030.00000
        Ready-to-eat savouries (15.0) : -25.00000
        Composite foods (e.g. casseroles, meat pies, mincemeat) - foods that could not be placed in categories 01.0 - 15.0 (16.0) : -25.00000
  • Safety References
      • Safety References
        European Food Safety Athority(efsa) :Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
        European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s) :
        Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Furfural and Furfural Diethylacetal.:page or pdf
        Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 13 (FGE.13); Furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side-chain substituents and heteroatoms from chemical group 14 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18:page or pdf
        Flavouring Group Evaluation 29 (FGE29)[1] - Substance from the priority list: Vinylbenzene from chemical group 31 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC):page or pdf
        Flavouring Group Evaluation 66 (FGE.66)[1]:Consideration of furfuryl alcohol and related flavouring substances evaluated by JECFA (55th meeting) structurally related to Furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side chain substituents and heteroatoms evaluated by EFSA in FGE.13 (2005):page or pdf
        Flavouring Group Evaluation 218: alpha,beta-Unsaturated aldehydes and precursors from subgroup 4.2 of FGE.19: Furfural derivatives - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC):page or pdf
        Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 13Rev1: Furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side-chain substituents and heteroatoms from chemical group 14:page or pdf
        Consideration of sulfur-substituted furan derivatives used as flavouring agents evaluated by JECFA (59th meeting) structurally related to a subgroup of substances within the group of “Furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side-chain substituents and heteroatoms from chemical group 14” evaluated by EFSA in FGE.13Rev1 (2009):page or pdf
        Flavouring Group Evaluation 67 (FGE.67): Consideration of 40 furan-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and related esters, sulfides, disulfides and ethers evaluated by JECFA at the 65th meeting (JECFA, 2006b) and re-evaluated at the 69th meeting (JECFA, 2009c):page or pdf
        Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 218, Revision 1 (FGE.218Rev1): alpha,beta-Unsaturated aldehydes and precursors from subgroup 4.2 of FGE.19: Furfural derivatives.:page or pdf
        Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 13, Revision 2 (FGE.13Rev2): Furfuryl and furan derivatives with and without additional side-chain substituents and heteroatoms from chemical group 14:page or pdf
        Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 66, Revision 1 (FGE.66Rev1): Consideration of Furfuryl Alcohol and Related Flavouring Substances Evaluated by JECFA (55th meeting):page or pdf
        Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 67, Revision 1 (FGE.67Rev.1): Consideration of 40 furan-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and related esters, sulfides, disulfides and ethers evaluated by JECFA at the 65th meeting (JECFA, 2006b) and re-evaluated at the 69th meeting (JECFA, 2009c):page or pdf
        EPI System :View
        Chemicalize.org :Calculate predicted properties
        IUCLID Chemical Data Sheet :View
        EPA-Iris :IRIS
        NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards :search
        NIOSH Pocket Guide :search
        NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank :Search
        Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System :Search
        Cancer Citations :Search
        Toxicology Citations :Search
        Carcinogenic Potency Database :Search
        EPA GENetic TOXicology :Search
        Env. Mutagen Info. Center :Search
        NLM Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity :Search
        National Toxicology Program :Search
        Canada Domestic Sub. List :Yes
        EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA) :98-01-1
        SCCNFP :opinion
        WISER :UN 1199
        WGK Germany :2
         furan-2-carbaldehyde
        DTP/NCI :8841
        Chemidplus :0000098011
        EPA/NOAA CAMEO :hazardous materials
        RTECS :98-01-1
furan-2-carbaldehyde (Click)
CAS Number : 98-01-1
ESIS EC# (EINECS) :202-627-7
EU CLP/GHS Annex VI Index# :605-010-00-4
Beilstein Number :0105755
CoE Number :2014
XlogP3 :0.40 (est)
Molecular Weight :96.08528000
Formula :C5 H4 O2
BioActivity Summary :listing
NMR Predictor :Predict
Category :extraction solvents, flavoring agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information :
Google Scholar : Search Google Books : Search
Google Scholar : with word "volatile"Search Google Scholar : with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar : with word "odor"SearchPerfumer and Flavorist : Search
Google Patents : Search US Patents : Search
EU Patents : Search IBM Patents : Obtain
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed : SearchNCBI : Search
EFSA Update of results on the monitoring of furan levels in food : Read Report
EFSA Previous report: Results on the monitoring of furan levels in food : Read Report
EFSA Report of the CONTAM Panel on provisional findings on furan in food : Read Report
EU SANCO Food Flavourings :Search
JECFA Food Flavoring :450  furfural
FEMA Number :2489  furfural
FDA Mainterm : FURFURAL
FDA Regulation :FDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS
Subpart B--Substances for Use Only as Components of Adhesives
Sec. 175.105 Adhesives.
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Picture of molecule
furan-2-carbaldehyde
Synonyms :
2-formyl furan
 formylfuran
2-furaldehyde
2-furan aldehyde
2-furan carbonal
2-furan carboxaldehyde
 furan-2-carbaldehyde
 furan-2-carboxaldehyde
2-furanaldehyde
2-furancarbonal
2-furancarboxaldehyde
2-furfural
 furfural (furfuraldehyde) redist
 furfural (natural)
 furfural crude
 furfural natural
 furfural synthetic
 furfural-refined flavor grade
 furfuraldehyde
2-furfuraldehyde
a-furfuraldehyde
alpha-furfuraldehyde
 furfuryl aldehyde
a-furole
2-furyl aldehyde
2-furyl carboxaldehyde
2-furyl methanal
2-furylcarboxaldehyde
2-furylmethanal
 pyromucic aldehyde
Soluble in :
 alcohol
 water, 7.70E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
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