Category:flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | amber to amber brown semi-liquid (est) |
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Specific Gravity: | 0.98600 to 0.99000 @ 25.00 °C.
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Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 8.205 to 8.238
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Refractive Index: | 1.53250 to 1.53900 @ 20.00 °C.
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Flash Point: | > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
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Shelf Life: | 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | water, 2911 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Insoluble in: |
| water |
Stability: |
| cream | | hair spray | | lotion | | powder | | shampoo | | soap |
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Type: balsamic |
Odor Strength:medium |
Substantivity:400 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
sweet balsamic styrene woody amber |
Odor Description:at 100.00 %. sweet balsamic styrene woody amber Luebke, William tgsc, (1995) |
Odor sample from: Charabot & Co., Inc. |
Flavor Type: balsamic |
storax |
Taste Description: storax |
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Firmenich |
STYRAX RES |
Odor Description:rich, sweet, balsam-like, floral and spicy |
Firmenich |
STYRAX RES |
Odor Description:balsamic styrene |
Taste Description:Woody, leathery |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Albert Vieille SAS |
Styrax Resinoid Honduras
Odor: balsamic Use: Styrax is a tree belonging to the Liquidambar genus. Its name comes from the Latin liquidus and the Arabic ambar, meaning "liquid amber" in reference to the very fragrant gum it exudes when cut. Two varieties of styrax are used in perfumery: Asian styrax, or Liquidambar orientalis, and American styrax, or Liquidambar styraciflua, which we offer. This monumental tree grows naturally in dense tropical forests in the Olancho Mountains of Honduras. It is also found in Guatemala, Mexico, and El Salvador. Styrax is harvested from April to November, and only by the Pech tribe in Honduras. The collectors make cavity-shaped incisions in the trunk to initiate the flow and in which the precious amber liquid accumulates. A mature tree produces between six and eight kilograms of styrax resin. One month after the incision, the styrax is soaked up in cloths. It is then filtered to remove impurities before being turned into essential oil by steam distillation, and into resinoid by ethanol extraction. The distillation yield of 15-20% of purified resin is much lower than the extraction yield of around 60-75%. Its pleasant balsamic smell with a bitter almond note is complemented by a cinnamic quality that evokes cinnamon. With a very modern, plastic quality, styrax is characterized by its leathery note. Subtle notes of pinkish white flowers and fruit add an overall sweetness. |
Harvest Calendar |
Associate Allied Chemicals |
Styrax Resinoid
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About |
Augustus Oils |
Styrax Resinoid
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Services |
Charabot |
Styrax resinoid alcoholic
100% Pure & Natural, Kosher Odor: Leather, woody, animalic, balsamic, floral |
Diffusions Aromatiques |
STYRAX RESINOIDE NEUTRALISE R815
Odor: fr/produit/styrax-resinoide-neutralise-r815/ |
Diffusions Aromatiques |
STYRAX RESINOIDE SUPER
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Diffusions Aromatiques |
STYRAX RESINOIDE
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Ernesto Ventós |
STYRAX RESINOID IFF
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Ernesto Ventós |
STYRAX RESINOIDE FIRMENICH 983834
Odor: SWEET, BALSAMIC, FLORAL, SPICY |
Fine Fragrances Pvt Ltd |
Styrax Resinoid Low styrene LMR
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Fine Fragrances Pvt Ltd |
Styrax Resinoid Pure
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Firmenich |
STYRAX RES NEUTRALIZED
Odor: rich, sweet, balsam-like, floral and spicy |
Firmenich |
STYRAX RES
Flavor: Woody, leathery |
Firmenich |
STYRAX RES
Odor: rich, sweet, balsam-like, floral and spicy |
Global Essence |
Styrax Resinoid
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Indukern F&F |
STYRAX RESINOID
Odor: SWEET, BALSAMIC |
Keva |
RESINOID STYRAX S
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Lluch Essence |
STYRAX RESINOID
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Mane |
Styrax Alcoholic Resinoid
Odor: Balsamic Resinous Gourmand Use: The names Storax Honduras, Storax American, Sweet Gum are generic synonyms of the products derived from L. styraciflua (native of the Atlantic coast from Connecticut to Central America). This Honduran gum is harvested in the wild through tapping. Since the 19th century, the gum and the extracts are used in the fragrance industry as a fixative and a bottom note. In perfumery, Styrax essential oil is mostly used in chypre and oriental compounds. |
Moellhausen |
STYRAX RESINOID
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Payand Betrand |
Styrax Resinoid France
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Reincke & Fichtner |
Styrax Resinoid (liquidambar Styraciflua)
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Robertet |
Styrax Honduras Resinoid (for fragrance)
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Robertet |
STYRAX HONDURAS
Pure & Nat |
Robertet |
Styrax resinoid alcoholic
100% Pure & Natural, Kosher Odor: Leather, woody, animalic, balsamic, floral |
SRS Aromatics |
STYRAX RESINOID
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Taytonn |
Styrax Resinoid
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The Lermond Company |
STYRAX RESINOID, HONDURAS P&N - AV
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Zanos |
Styrax Resinoid
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Safety Information:
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xi - Irritant |
R 36/38 - Irritating to skin and eyes. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 37/39 - Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
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Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Dermal Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
IFRA Critical Effect: | Sensitization |
IFRA fragrance material specification: | | Crude gums of Liquidambar styraficula L. var. macrophylla or Liquidambar orientalis Mill. should not be used as fragrance ingredients: Only extracts or distillates (resinoids, absolutes and oils), prepared from exudations of Liquidambar styraciflua L. var. macrophylla or Liquidambar orientalis Mill., can be used.This recommendation is made in order to promote good manufacturing practice (GMP) for the use of styrax derivatives as fragrance ingredients. It is based on a wide variety of RIFM test data with gums, resinoids, absolutes and oils of American and Asian styrax (private communication to IFRA). |
contains the following IFRA (Annex) restricted components: (non-analysis max. level reference only) |
benzyl alcohol | Max. Found: <0.20 % and Reason: Sensitization |
benzyl cinnamate | Max. Found: <2.50 % and Reason: Sensitization |
cinnamyl alcohol | Max. Found: <4.00 % and Reason: Sensitization |
IFRA: | View Standard |
Fragrance usage is IFRA RESTRICTED. View Standard for complete information. |
Please review all IFRA documents for complete information. |
IFRA categories: limits in the finished product: (For a description of the categories, refer to the IFRA QRA Information Booklet.) |
Category 1: See Note (1) | 0.04 % (1) |
Category 2: | 0.05 % |
Category 3: | 0.23 % |
Category 4: | 0.60 % |
Category 5: | 0.36 % |
Category 6: | 0.60 % (1) |
Category 7: | 0.11 % |
Category 8: | 0.60 % |
Category 9: | 0.60 % |
Category 10: | 0.60 % |
Category 11: | See Note (2) |
| Notes: |
| (1) IFRA would recommend that any material used to impart perfume or flavour in products intended for human ingestion should consist of ingredients that are in compliance with appropriate regulations for foods and food flavourings in the countries of planned distribution and, where these are lacking, with the recommendations laid down in the Code of Practice of IOFI (International Organisation of the Flavor Industry). Further information about IOFI can be found on its website (www.iofi.org). |
| (2) Category 11 includes all non-skin contact or incidental skin contact products. Due to the negligible skin contact from these types of products there is no justification for a restriction of the concentration of this fragrance ingredient in the finished product. |
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Safety References:
References:
| liquidambar styraciflua resinoid |
Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 8046-19-3 |
Pubchem (sid): | 135303077 |
Other Information:
Export Tariff Code: | 3301.30.0000 |
Wikipedia: | View |
Potential Blenders and core components note
For Odor |
No odor group found for these |
homalomena aromatica root oil FR |
aldehydic |
aldehydic |
aldehydic fragrance FR |
amber |
(Z)- abienol FL/FR |
acetoxymethyl isolongifolene FR |
amber acetate FR |
amber butanol FR |
amber carane FR |
amber cyclohexanol FR |
amber floral fragrance FR |
amber specialty FR |
ambermax 50 (Givaudan) FR |
formoxymethyl isolongifolene FR |
hydroxymethyl isolongifolene 50% in dpg FR |
labdanum absolute FL/FR |
balsamic |
iso amyl cinnamate FL/FR |
amyl cinnamate FL/FR |
sumatra benzoin gum FL/FR |
benzyl cinnamate FL/FR |
alpha- bisabolene FL/FR |
cinnamic acid FL/FR |
(E)- cinnamic acid FL/FR |
cinnamyl alcohol replacer FR |
clover nitrile FR |
copaiba balsam oil FL/FR |
fir carboxylate FR |
guaiacyl phenyl acetate FL/FR |
liquidambar orientalis balsam extract FL/FR |
liquidambar styraciflua balsam extract FL/FR |
mastic gum resin FR |
alpha- methyl cinnamyl alcohol FR |
methyl hydrogenated rosinate FR |
opoponax resin (commiphora erythraea var. glabrescens engler) FL/FR |
opoponax resinoid replacer FR |
oriental specialty FR |
peru balsam absolute FL/FR |
2- phenoxyethyl formate FR |
3- phenyl propyl acetate FL/FR |
sclareol FL/FR |
styrax absolute (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax absolute (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
styrax oil (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax oil (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
styrax oil replacer FR |
styrax resin (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax resin (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
styrax resinoid (liquidambar orientalis) FR |
styrax resinoid replacer FR |
styrax speciality FR |
citrus |
bergamot fragrance FR |
bergamot oil replacer FR |
bergamot specialty FR |
dusty |
woody furan FR |
floral |
iso butyl salicylate FL/FR |
cananga fragrance FR |
cardamom absolute FL/FR |
carnation concrete FR |
carnation fragrance FR |
cassia blossom fragrance FR |
cestrum nocturnum flower oil FR |
clove blossom fragrance FR |
coffee flower absolute FR |
daffodil fragrance FR |
dianthus fragrance FR |
iso eugenyl ethyl acetal FR |
geranium oil bourbon FL/FR |
ginger lily fragrance FR |
jasmin absolute italy (from concrete) FL/FR |
jasmin absolute replacer FR |
lavender oil FL/FR |
lavender oil replacer FR |
lilac fragrance FR |
lilac specialty FR |
ortho- methoxybenzyl ethyl ether FR |
bitter orange flower absolute CO2 extract FL/FR |
orris pyridine 25% IPM FR |
phenethyl propionate FL/FR |
rhodinol FL/FR |
rosa damascena flower oil FL/FR |
rosa damascena flower oil CO2 extract FL/FR |
rose absolute (rosa centifolia) FL/FR |
rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) bulgaria FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) iran FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey FL/FR |
rose oil replacer FR |
tuberose absolute chassis FL/FR |
tuberose absolute replacer FR |
ylang ylang flower absolute FL/FR |
jasmin absolute (jasminum flexile) FR |
fruity |
balsam specialty FR |
marigold absolute (tagetes glandulifera) FR |
green |
green cognac oil FL/FR |
marigold pot absolute FL/FR |
marigold pot flower CS |
3- phenyl propionaldehyde FL/FR |
herbal |
agate fragrance FR |
(+)-alpha- campholenic aldehyde FL/FR |
coriander seed absolute FL/FR |
american elder flower absolute FR |
herbal fragrance FR |
herbal specialty FR |
lavender fragrance FR |
lavender specialty FR |
romanal FR |
rose oil (rosa centifolia) morocco FL/FR |
sunflower oil FL/FR |
minty |
ethyl salicylate FL/FR |
mossy |
moss fragrance FR |
moss specialty FR |
musk |
musk amberol FR |
musk fragrance FR |
musk indanone FR |
musk specialty FR |
oily |
mcp acetate FR |
powdery |
midnight passion fragrance FR |
spicy |
acacia fragrance FR |
angelica seed absolute FL/FR |
homo anisaldehyde FL/FR |
cananga leaf oil FR |
carnation specialty FR |
cinnamaldehyde / methyl anthranilate schiff's base FR |
cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
(Z)- cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
(E)- cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
cinnamyl propionate FL/FR |
dianthus ethone FR |
floral spice fragrance FR |
hollyberry fragrance FR |
mace oleoresin FL/FR |
maja fragrance FR |
para- methoxy-alpha-methyl cinnamaldehyde FL/FR |
(E)-para- methoxycinnamaldehyde FL/FR |
origanum majorana leaf oil FL/FR |
spicy acetoacetate FL/FR |
terpenic |
angelica seed oil FL/FR |
woody |
acetyl cedrene FR |
amber carbinol FR |
amber dioxane FR |
amber formate FR |
amber pentadecane FR |
amber woody specialty FR |
atlas cedarwood oil fractions FR |
cedarwood oil texas fractions FR |
alpha- cedrene epoxide FR |
cedryl formate FR |
chamaecyparis nootkatensis wood oil FR |
dihydro-beta-ionol FL/FR |
dragons blood fragrance FR |
frankincense resinoid replacer FR |
georgywood FR |
hydroxyambran FR |
melozol acetate FR |
2- methoxy-4-vinyl phenol FL/FR |
methyl methylene tricyclodecanol acetate FR |
(4aR,5R,7aS,9R)- octahydro-2,2,5,8,8,9a-hexamethyl-4h-4a,9-methanoazuleno(5,6-d)-1,3-dioxole FR |
patchouli woody amber fragrance FR |
rhubarb oxirane FR |
tetramethyl-4-methylene-2-heptanol FR |
tobacarol (IFF) FR |
vetiver specialty FR |
woody amber fragrance FR |
woody amber specialty FR |
woody dioxolane FR |
woody nonane (ethoxy) FR |
For Flavor |
No flavor group found for these |
homo anisaldehyde FL/FR |
alpha- bisabolene FL/FR |
(E)- cinnamic acid FL/FR |
cinnamic acid FL/FR |
(Z)- cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
(E)- cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
dihydro-beta-ionol FL/FR |
2- heptyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid FL |
para- methoxy-alpha-methyl cinnamaldehyde FL/FR |
(E)-para- methoxycinnamaldehyde FL/FR |
bitter orange flower absolute CO2 extract FL/FR |
origanum majorana leaf oil FL/FR |
amber |
amber |
angelica seed oil FL/FR |
labdanum absolute FL/FR |
balsamic |
amyl cinnamate FL/FR |
sumatra benzoin gum FL/FR |
copaiba balsam oil FL/FR |
liquidambar orientalis balsam extract FL/FR |
liquidambar styraciflua balsam extract FL/FR |
opoponax resin (commiphora erythraea var. glabrescens engler) FL/FR |
peru balsam absolute FL/FR |
3- phenyl propyl acetate FL/FR |
styrax absolute (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax absolute (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
styrax gum (liquidambar styraciflua) FL |
styrax oil (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax oil (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
styrax resin (liquidambar orientalis) FL/FR |
styrax resin (liquidambar styraciflua) FL/FR |
cooling |
iso butyl salicylate FL/FR |
floral |
iso amyl cinnamate FL/FR |
cardamom absolute FL/FR |
cinnamyl propionate FL/FR |
geranium oil bourbon FL/FR |
jasmin absolute italy (from concrete) FL/FR |
phenethyl propionate FL/FR |
rhodinol FL/FR |
rosa damascena flower oil FL/FR |
rosa damascena flower oil CO2 extract FL/FR |
rose absolute (rosa centifolia) FL/FR |
rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) bulgaria FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) iran FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey FL/FR |
tuberose absolute chassis FL/FR |
ylang ylang flower absolute FL/FR |
fusel |
green cognac oil FL/FR |
green |
(+)-alpha- campholenic aldehyde FL/FR |
marigold pot absolute FL/FR |
3- phenyl propionaldehyde FL/FR |
herbal |
coriander seed absolute FL/FR |
lavender oil FL/FR |
rose oil (rosa centifolia) morocco FL/FR |
sunflower oil FL/FR |
minty |
ethyl salicylate FL/FR |
phenolic |
guaiacyl phenyl acetate FL/FR |
smoky |
2- methoxy-4-vinyl phenol FL/FR |
spicy |
angelica seed absolute FL/FR |
benzyl cinnamate FL/FR |
cinnamyl acetate FL/FR |
mace oleoresin FL/FR |
4- methyl biphenyl FL |
spicy acetoacetate FL/FR |
woody |
(Z)- abienol FL/FR |
sclareol FL/FR |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| liquidambar styraciflua resinoid | | storax resinoid (liquidambar styraciflua) | | styrax honduras | | styrax honduras resinoid (for fragrance) (Robertet) | | styrax resinoid | | styrax resinoid 100 | | styrax resinoid alcoholic | | styrax resinoid honduras | | styrax resinoid low styrene LMR (IFF) | | styrax resinoide pour agarbatties |
Articles:
PubMed:Phylogeography of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae) in Mesoamerica: survivors of a Neogene widespread temperate forest (or cloud forest) in North America? |
PubMed:Trends in seedling growth and carbon-use efficiency vary among broadleaf tree species along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. |
PubMed:Variations of the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils from leaves and stems of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae). |
PubMed:Nematode Genera in Forest Soil Respond Differentially to Elevated CO2. |
PubMed:Stored carbon partly fuels fine-root respiration but is not used for production of new fine roots. |
PubMed:Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, antennal and behavioral responses to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles. |
PubMed:The effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on stomatal conductance estimated from 11 years of scaled sap flux measurements at Duke FACE. |
PubMed:Elevated COâ‚‚ increases tree-level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites. |
PubMed:Plasticity in bundle sheath extensions of heterobaric leaves. |
PubMed:Complete genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain JDR-2. |
PubMed:Leaf respiratory acclimation to climate: comparisons among boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect. |
PubMed:Litterfall 15N abundance indicates declining soil nitrogen availability in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment. |
PubMed:Elevated COâ‚‚ enhances leaf senescence during extreme drought in a temperate forest. |
PubMed:[Detecting leaf and twig temperature of some trees by using thermography]. |
PubMed:CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability. |
PubMed:Variable conductivity and embolism in roots and branches of four contrasting tree species and their impacts on whole-plant hydraulic performance under future atmospheric COâ‚‚ concentration. |
PubMed:Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.): extraction of shikimic acid coupled to dilute acid pretreatment. |
PubMed:Isotopic evidences for microbiologically mediated and direct C input to soil compounds from three different leaf litters during their decomposition. |
PubMed:Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis: a comparison of boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect. |
PubMed:Belowground fate of (15)N injected into sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua) at the ORNL FACE Experiment. |
PubMed:Combined effects of elevated CO2 and natural climatic variation on leaf spot diseases of redbud and sweetgum trees. |
PubMed:Inhibitory effects of benzyl benzoate and its derivatives on angiotensin II-induced hypertension. |
PubMed:Phylogeographical structure and temporal complexity in American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua; Altingiaceae). |
PubMed:Influence of bark pH on the occurrence and distribution of tree canopy myxomycete species. |
PubMed:CO2 enrichment increases carbon and nitrogen input from fine roots in a deciduous forest. |
PubMed:Immunocytochemical characterization of tension wood: Gelatinous fibers contain more than just cellulose. |
PubMed:An isotopic method for testing the influence of leaf litter quality on carbon fluxes during decomposition. |
PubMed:Long-term CO2 enrichment of a forest ecosystem: implications for forest regeneration and succession. |
PubMed:Urbanization affects stream ecosystem function by altering hydrology, chemistry, and biotic richness. |
PubMed:Nitrogen uptake, distribution, turnover, and efficiency of use in a CO2-enriched sweetgum forest. |
PubMed:Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions. |
PubMed:Responses of floodplain forest species to spatially condensed gradients: a test of the flood-shade tolerance tradeoff hypothesis. |
PubMed:Evaporation of intercepted precipitation from fruit litter of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) in a clearing as a function of meteorological conditions. |
PubMed:Radiation-use efficiency and gas exchange responses to water and nutrient availability in irrigated and fertilized stands of sweetgum and sycamore. |
PubMed:Phloem loading. A reevaluation of the relationship between plasmodesmatal frequencies and loading strategies. |
PubMed:Biology and management of insect pests in North American intensively managed hardwood forest systems. |
PubMed:Insect herbivory in an intact forest understory under experimental CO2 enrichment. |
PubMed:Liquidambar styraciflua. |
PubMed:Leaf dynamics of a deciduous forest canopy: no response to elevated CO2. |
PubMed:Genotypic effects of fertilization on seedling sweetgum biomass allocation, N uptake, and N use efficiency. |
PubMed:Regional assessment of ozone sensitive tree species using bioindicator plants. |
PubMed:Combinatorial modification of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation. |
PubMed:Canopy conductance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua and Quercus phellos under varying atmospheric and soil water conditions. |
PubMed:Nutritional ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): growth and survival of incipient colonies feeding on preferred wood species. |
PubMed:Leaf senescence and late-season net photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in elevated and ambient carbon dioxide concentrations. |
PubMed:Leaf respiration at different canopy positions in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in ambient and elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in the field. |
PubMed:Optical properties of intact leaves for estimating chlorophyll concentration. |
PubMed:Host compatibility of the cloud forest mistletoe Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae) in Central Veracruz, Mexico. |
PubMed:Nutritional ecology of the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): feeding response to commercial wood species. |
PubMed:Influence of elevated CO2 and mycorrhizae on nitrogen acquisition: contrasting responses in Pinus taeda and Liquidambar styraciflua. |
PubMed:Production efficiency of loblolly pine and sweetgum in response to four years of intensive management. |
PubMed:5-hydroxyconiferyl aldehyde modulates enzymatic methylation for syringyl monolignol formation, a new view of monolignol biosynthesis in angiosperms. |
PubMed:Effects of CO2 enrichment on the photosynthetic light response of sun and shade leaves of canopy sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in a forest ecosystem. |
PubMed:Coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylation and methylation direct syringyl lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms. |
PubMed:The roles of seedling salt tolerance and resprouting in forest zonation on thewest coast of Florida, USA. |
PubMed:Differential leaf resistance to insects of transgenic sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) expressing tobacco anionic peroxidase. |
PubMed:Responses of loblolly pine, sweetgum and crab grass roots to localized increases in nitrogen in two watering regimes. |
PubMed:Long- and short-term flooding effects on survival and sink-source relationships of swamp-adapted tree species. |
PubMed:Isoprene emission, photosynthesis, and growth in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) seedlings exposed to short- and long-term drying cycles. |
PubMed:A community classification system for forest evaluation: Development, validation, and extrapolation. |
PubMed:Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) leaves. |
PubMed:Transformation of Liquidambar styraciflua using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. |
PubMed:Pasteuria sp. Parasitizing Trophonema okamotoi in Florida. |
PubMed:Distribution, Hosts, and Morphological Characteristics of Tylenchulus palustris in Florida and Bermuda. |
PubMed:The Leaf Oil of Liquidambar styraciflua. |
PubMed:Sucrose metabolic pathways in sweetgum and pecan seedlings. |
PubMed:Long-term elevation of atmospheric CO(2) concentration and the carbon exchange rates of saplings of Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L. |
PubMed:Effects of Quantum Flux Density on Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Tissue-Cultured Plantlets and Seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. towards Improved Acclimatization and Field Survival. |
PubMed:Parasitic Habits of Trophotylenchulus floridensis (Tylenchulidae) and its Taxonomic Relationship to Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Allied Species. |
PubMed:Nematodes Parasitic on Forest Trees: III. Reproduction on Selected Hardwoods. |
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Direct alcohol extraction gives a resin absolute.
tsca definition 2008: extractives and their physically modified derivatives. it consists primarily of resins, essential oils, and usually cinnamic and benzoic acids. (liquidambar styraciflua, hamamelidaceae).
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