|
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | colorless solid (est) |
| Assay: | 99.00 to 100.00 %
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Specific Gravity: | 1.06500 to 1.07300 @ 25.00 °C.
|
| Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 8.862 to 8.928
|
| Refractive Index: | 1.58000 to 1.58100 @ 20.00 °C.
|
| Melting Point: | 26.80 to 30.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Boiling Point: | 258.00 to 259.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Vapor Pressure: | 0.022000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Vapor Density: | 5.9 ( Air = 1 ) |
| Flash Point: | 240.00 °F. TCC ( 115.56 °C. )
|
| logP (o/w): | 4.210 |
| Shelf Life: | 36.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
| Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | kerosene | | | paraffin oil | | | water, 18 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
| Stability: |
| | non-discoloring |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor Type: | green |
| Odor Strength: | high , recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less |
Odor Description: at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | geranium leaf green phenolic |
| Substantivity: | 156 Hour(s) |
| | |
Cosmetic Information:
Safety Information:
| Most important hazard(s): | | Xi N - Irritant, Dangerous for the environment. |
| |
R 38 - Irritating to skin. R 51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 24 - Avoid contact with skin. S 60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S 61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet.
|
| Human Experience: | 4 % solution: no irritation or sensitization. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | | |
oral-rat LD50 2450 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS
BEHAVIORAL: FOOD INTAKE (ANIMAL)
GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES National Technical Information Service. Vol. 0TS0518143
|
| Dermal Toxicity: | | |
skin-rabbit LD50 > 7940 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA National Technical Information Service. Vol. 0TS0518143
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: | | |
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
| Recommendation for diphenyl oxide usage levels up to: | | | 1.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
| |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 12.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 5.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Structure Class: | III |
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 13 |
| Click here to view publication 13 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | - | - |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 2.50000 |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | - |
| condiments / relishes: | - | - |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | - |
| fruit ices: | - | - |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | - |
| hard candy: | - | - |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | - |
| milk products: | - | - |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | 7.50000 |
| soups: | - | - |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 |
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS): | View |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| UM BBD: | Search |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C07733 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB34446 |
| FooDB: | FDB012853 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2909.30.6000 |
| Haz-Map: | View |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
| RSC Learn Chemistry: | View |
Formulations/Preparations: •grades: technical; perfume; industrial
•technical and refined grades
•usual concns in final products: soap, 0.05%; detergent, 0.005%; creams, lotions, 0.05%; perfume, 0.15%
•eutectic heat-transfer mixture composed of 73.5% diphenyl oxide and 26.5% biphenyl...marketed under product names dowtherm a (dow chemical), therminol vp-1 (monsanto), thermex (imperial chem), therm s-300 (nippon steel chemical), diphyl (bayer), and gilotherm (progil)
|
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| aldehydic |
| | citrus carbaldehyde | FR |
| | dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric) | FL/FR |
| animal |
| iso | butyl quinoline | FR |
| para- | cresyl caprylate | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| iso | amyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
| | benzophenone | FR |
| | benzyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | fir balsam absolute | FR |
| | fir needle oil siberia | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
| | citral | FL/FR |
| (E)-4- | decenal | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | acetophenone | FL/FR |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| iso | amyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | bois de rose oil brazil | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| laevo- | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | cyclamen aldehyde | FL/FR |
| | cyclohexyl propanol | FR |
| | dihydrorose oxide | FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinol | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl octanol | FL/FR |
| | floral pyranol | FR |
| | geraniol | FL/FR |
| | geranium oil bourbon | FL/FR |
| | geranium pyran | FR |
| | geranyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl propionate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl salicylate | FL/FR |
| alpha- | hexyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | hyacinth ether | FR |
| laevo- | linalool | FL/FR |
| | linalool oxide | FL/FR |
| | methyl citronellate | FL/FR |
| | methyl dihydrojasmonate | FL/FR |
| | methyl nerate | |
| | mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
| | muguet carbinol | FL/FR |
| | nerol | FL/FR |
| | neryl acetate | FL/FR |
| | nonanol | FL/FR |
| | ocean propanal | FL/FR |
| | orris pyridine 25% IPM | FR |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | phenyl acetaldehyde dicitronellyl acetal | FR |
| | rhodinol | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl formate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) iran | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrolinalool | FL/FR |
| | verdyl acetate | FR |
| | violet methyl carbonate | FR |
| fried |
| (E,Z)-2,4- | decadienal | |
| fruity |
| | allyl amyl glycolate | FR |
| | green acetate | FR |
| | neryl propionate | FL/FR |
| | phenoxyethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| green |
| | acetaldehyde ethyl phenethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| | biphenyl | |
| | cortex pyridine | FL/FR |
| para- | dimethyl hydroquinone | FL/FR |
| 3,7- | dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | FL/FR |
| | galbanum oil | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl benzoate | FL/FR |
| (Z)- | leaf acetal | FL/FR |
| | melon nonenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl heptine carbonate | FL/FR |
| | methyl octine carbonate | FL/FR |
| | narcissus flower absolute | FR |
| (E,Z)-2,6- | nonadien-1-ol | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | phenyl acetaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propionaldehyde | FL/FR |
| hay |
| | hay absolute | FR |
| herbal |
| | carum carvi fruit oil | FL/FR |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| | daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
| | geranium cyclohexane | FR |
| curled | parsley leaf oil | FL/FR |
| honey |
| | butyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| marine |
| green | algae absolute | FL/FR |
| mossy |
| | oakmoss absolute | FL/FR |
| | veramoss (IFF) | FR |
| powdery |
| para- | anisyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | dibenzyl ketone | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| terpenic |
| alpha- | terpineol | FL/FR |
| tonka |
| | tonka bean absolute | FR |
| vanilla |
| | vanilla bean absolute (vanilla planifolia) | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| 1- | dodecanol | FL/FR |
| | ethyl laurate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | patchouli ethanone | FR |
| | santall | FR |
| (Z)- | woody amylene | FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| green | algae absolute | FL/FR |
| (E,Z)-2,4- | decadienal | |
| | methyl nerate | |
| 1,5- | octadien-3-ol | FL |
| animal |
| para- | cresyl caprylate | FL/FR |
| apple |
| (E,Z)-2,6- | nonadien-1-ol | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| | benzyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | fir needle oil siberia | FL/FR |
| bitter |
| | dibenzyl ketone | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
| | citral | FL/FR |
| laevo- | linalool | FL/FR |
| | nerol | FL/FR |
| alpha- | terpineol | FL/FR |
| cooling |
| iso | butyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| | dimethyl octanol | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl benzoate | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | biphenyl | |
| | bois de rose oil brazil | FL/FR |
| | citronellol | FL/FR |
| laevo- | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| 3,7- | dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | FL/FR |
| | geraniol | FL/FR |
| | geranium oil bourbon | FL/FR |
| | geranyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | methyl citronellate | FL/FR |
| | methyl dihydrojasmonate | FL/FR |
| | muguet carbinol | FL/FR |
| | neryl acetate | FL/FR |
| | ocean propanal | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | rhodinol | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) iran | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrolinalool | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| iso | amyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| para- | anisyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl formate | FL/FR |
| green |
| | acetaldehyde ethyl phenethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| iso | amyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| (E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | cortex pyridine | FL/FR |
| | cyclamen aldehyde | FL/FR |
| para- | dimethyl hydroquinone | FL/FR |
| | galbanum oil | FL/FR |
| | geranyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl salicylate | FL/FR |
| (Z)- | leaf acetal | FL/FR |
| | linalool oxide | FL/FR |
| | melon nonenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl heptine carbonate | FL/FR |
| | methyl octine carbonate | FL/FR |
| | neryl propionate | FL/FR |
| | oakmoss absolute | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propionaldehyde | FL/FR |
| herbal |
| | carum carvi fruit oil | FL/FR |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| | daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
| curled | parsley leaf oil | FL/FR |
| honey |
| | butyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenyl acetaldehyde | FL/FR |
| medicinal |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinol | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| powdery |
| | acetophenone | FL/FR |
| ripe |
| (E)-4- | decenal | FL/FR |
| soapy |
| | dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric) | FL/FR |
| 1- | dodecanol | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | benzylidene acetone | FL |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| tropical |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| vanilla |
| | vanilla bean absolute (vanilla planifolia) | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | ethyl laurate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl propionate | FL/FR |
| alpha- | hexyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
| | nonanol | FL/FR |
| | phenoxyethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| 1,1'-oxybis | benzene | | oxybis | benzene | | | benzene, 1,1'-oxybis- | | | benzene, phenoxy- | | 1,1'-oxybis( | benzene) | | | biphenyl oxide | | | di phenyl oxide | | oxy | diphenyl | | | diphenyl ether | | | diphenyl oxide | | | diphenylether | | | ether, diphenyl | | | geranium crystals | | | phenoxybenzene | | | phenyl ether | | | phenyl oxide |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Assessment of neurotoxic effects and brain region distribution in rat offspring prenatally co-exposed to low doses of BDE-99 and methylmercury. |
| PubMed: | Bioaccumulation, distribution and metabolism of BDE-153 in the freshwater fish Carassius auratus after dietary exposure. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from Western Australia. |
| PubMed: | Assimilation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from microplastics by the marine amphipod, allorchestes compressa. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure in children: possible associations with cardiovascular and psychological functions. |
| PubMed: | Distribution and Uptake of Key Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congeners in Benthic Infauna Relative to Sediment Organic Enrichment. |
| PubMed: | Machine learning approaches to investigate the impact of PCBs on the transcriptome of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). |
| PubMed: | Comparing plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and metals in primiparous women from northern and southern Canada. |
| PubMed: | Persistent organic pollutants exposure during pregnancy, maternal gestational weight gain, and birth outcomes in the mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (RHEA study). |
| PubMed: | Seasonal variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congener profiles in butter in Poland: dietary risk evaluation. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and multiple stressors influence the reproduction of free-ranging tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting at wastewater treatment plants. |
| PubMed: | Correlation of gene expression and contaminant concentrations in wild largescale suckers: a field-based study. |
| PubMed: | Structure-activity relationships of 44 halogenated compounds for iodotyrosine deiodinase-inhibitory activity. |
| PubMed: | Detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in culture media and protein sources used for human in vitro fertilization. |
| PubMed: | Ecological and spatial factors drive intra- and interspecific variation in exposure of subarctic predatory bird nestlings to persistent organic pollutants. |
| PubMed: | Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of an endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Thermobifida fusca. |
| PubMed: | Lactation exposure to BDE-153 damages learning and memory, disrupts spontaneous behavior and induces hippocampus neuron death in adult rats. |
| PubMed: | UV-induced formation of bromophenols from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. |
| PubMed: | The flame-retardant BDE-99 dose-dependently affects viral replication in CVB3-infected mice. |
| PubMed: | Tissue accumulation and species-specific metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) in two predator fish. |
| PubMed: | Dietary assessment of human exposure to PBDEs in South Korea. |
| PubMed: | Dietary intake of PBDEs of residents at two major electronic waste recycling sites in China. |
| PubMed: | Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the southern Baltic Sea. |
| PubMed: | Microbial degradation of fomesafen by a newly isolated strain Pseudomonas zeshuii BY-1 and the biochemical degradation pathway. |
| PubMed: | Detection of Dechlorane Plus and brominated flame retardants in marketed fish in Japan. |
| PubMed: | Food web accumulation of cyclic siloxanes in Lake Mjøsa, Norway. |
| PubMed: | Heating of BDE-209 and BDE-47 in plant oil in presence of o,p'-DDT or iron(III) chloride can produce monochloro-polybromo diphenyl ethers. |
| PubMed: | Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum from the Korean general population. |
| PubMed: | Early exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) affects mating behavior of zebra finches. |
| PubMed: | Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in dust collected with two sampling methods and matched breast milk samples. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09. |
| PubMed: | House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products. |
| PubMed: | Synthesis and herbicidal activity of diphenyl ether derivatives containing unsaturated carboxylates. |
| PubMed: | Dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from fish and meat by residents of Nanjing, China. |
| PubMed: | Trophic level determines levels of brominated flame-retardants in coastal herring gulls. |
| PubMed: | Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment. |
| PubMed: | Effects of river flooding on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in cows' milk, soil, and grass. |
| PubMed: | Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations. |
| PubMed: | Toxicologic and immunologic effects of perinatal exposure to the brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) mixture DE-71 in the Sprague-Dawley rat. |
| PubMed: | Bottlenose dolphins as indicators of persistent organic pollutants in the western North Atlantic Ocean and northern Gulf of Mexico. |
| PubMed: | Neurobehavioral and physiological effects of low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-99 in male adult rats. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. Meat and poultry from two statistically designed surveys showing trends and levels from 2002 to 2008. |
| PubMed: | Bioaccumulation kinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from estuarine sediments to the marine polychaete, Nereis virens. |
| PubMed: | A dynamic multimedia environmental and bioaccumulation model for brominated flame retardants in Lake Huron and Lake Erie, USA. |
| PubMed: | [Occurrence and relevance to health of persistent organic substances and phthalates in breast milk]. |
| PubMed: | Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears. |
| PubMed: | Contamination of U.S. butter with polybrominated diphenyl ethers from wrapping paper. |
| PubMed: | Changes in plasma retinol of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) in response to dietary or in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a penta-brominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71. |
| PubMed: | Dietary exposure of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Part 1. Bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of individual congeners and their debrominated metabolites. |
| PubMed: | Accumulation and DNA damage in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54. |
| PubMed: | Chronic, dietary polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure affects survival, growth, and development of Rana pipiens tadpoles. |
| PubMed: | Biotransformation of the diphenyl ether herbicide lactofen and purification of a lactofen esterase from Brevundimonas sp. LY-2. |
| PubMed: | Trophodynamics of hexabromocyclododecanes and several other non-PBDE brominated flame retardants in a freshwater food web. |
| PubMed: | A global review of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant contamination in birds. |
| PubMed: | Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) levels in liver, adipose, and milk from adult and juvenile rats exposed by gavage to the DE-71 technical mixture. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Orally Administration to Mice Were Tansferred to Offspring during Gestation and Lactation with Disruptions on the Immune System. |
| PubMed: | Prey species as possible sources of PBDE exposures for peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) nesting in major California cities. |
| PubMed: | Effects of BDE-99 on hormone homeostasis and biochemical parameters in adult male rats. |
| PubMed: | Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). |
| PubMed: | Photolytical transformation rates of individual polybrominated diphenyl ethers in technical octabromo diphenyl ether (DE-79). |
| PubMed: | Mini-review: polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in selected fish species from the southern Baltic Sea. |
| PubMed: | Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in birds of prey from the Chesapeake Bay region, USA. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in foodstuffs collected from three locations from the United States. |
| PubMed: | Technical pentabromodiphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane as activators of the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR). |
| PubMed: | Persistent organic pollutant residues in human fetal liver and placenta from Greater Montreal, Quebec: a longitudinal study from 1998 through 2006. |
| PubMed: | Bioconcentration and biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through lower-trophic-level coastal marine food web. |
| PubMed: | An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. |
| PubMed: | A newly recognized occupational hazard for US electronic recycling facility workers: polybrominated diphenyl ethers. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants: environmental contamination, human body burden and potential adverse health effects. |
| PubMed: | Biochemical tracers reveal intra-specific differences in the food webs utilized by individual seabirds. |
| PubMed: | Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls in a highly contaminated freshwater food web from South China. |
| PubMed: | Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in Lake Ontario, Canada, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) between 1979 and 2004 and possible influences of food-web changes. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure suppresses cytokines important in the defence to coxsackievirus B3 infection in mice. |
| PubMed: | Higher accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in infants than in adults. |
| PubMed: | Persistent organohalogen contaminant burdens in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the eastern Antarctic sector: a baseline study. |
| PubMed: | Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ether exposures and health risks associated with consumption of southern Mississippi catfish. |
| PubMed: | Metabolism of nitrodiphenyl ether herbicides by dioxin-degrading bacterium Sphingomonas wittichii RW1. |
| PubMed: | Exploratory assessment of sportfish consumption and polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure in New York State anglers. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. |
| PubMed: | Determination of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk cream by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed: | Enantioselective bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane and congener-specific accumulation of brominated diphenyl ethers in an eastern Canadian Arctic marine food web. |
| PubMed: | Development of a magnetic particle immunoassay for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and application to environmental and food matrices. |
| PubMed: | Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters. |
| PubMed: | [Tissue distribution of PBDEs in Mandarin fish]. |
| PubMed: | Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism. |
| PubMed: | Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980-2004. |
| PubMed: | Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum. |
| PubMed: | Probabilistic intake assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and omega-3 fatty acids through fish consumption. |
| PubMed: | Effects of settling organic matter on the bioaccumulation of cadmium and BDE-99 by Baltic Sea benthic invertebrates. |
| PubMed: | Changes in reproductive courtship behaviors of adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71. |
| PubMed: | Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands. |
| PubMed: | Brominated flame retardants in US food. |
| PubMed: | Spatial trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in avian species: utilization of stored samples in the Environmental Specimen Bank of Ehime University (es-Bank). |
| PubMed: | Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver. |
| PubMed: | Coxsackievirus B3 infection and PBDE exposure causes organ-specific effects on CYP-gene expression in the mouse. |
| PubMed: | Plasma concentrations of selected organobromine compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls in postmenopausal women of Québec, Canada. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in seafood products of south China. |
| PubMed: | Accumulation and transfer of contaminants in killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway: indications for contaminant metabolism. |
| PubMed: | Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes. |
| PubMed: | Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. |
| PubMed: | Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vison). |
| PubMed: | Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether. |
| PubMed: | Stable carbon isotope ratios of POPs--a tracer that can lead to the origins of pollution. |
| PubMed: | Improved quality control in gas chromatography interfaced to stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry by application of derivative chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Plasma PBDE and thyroxine levels in rats exposed to Bromkal or BDE-47. |
| PubMed: | Survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in Spanish commercial foodstuffs. |
| PubMed: | Partitioning and bioaccumulation of PBDEs and PCBs in Lake Michigan. |
| PubMed: | Quantification of flavor-related compounds in the unburned contents of bidi and clove cigarettes. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. |
| PubMed: | Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. |
| PubMed: | Dietary PBDE intake: a market-basket study in Belgium. |
| PubMed: | Environmental contaminants in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Svalbard: relationships with feeding ecology and body condition. |
| PubMed: | Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. |
| PubMed: | Natural and man-made organobromine compounds in marine biota from Central Norway. |
| PubMed: | Changes in the growth, but not the survival, of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ethers. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercially wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets in the United States. |
| PubMed: | Are organohalogen contaminants a cofactor in the development of renal lesions in east Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? |
| PubMed: | Anaerobic transformation of a technical brominated diphenyl ether mixture by super-reduced vitamin B12 and dicyanocobinamide. |
| PubMed: | Inhibition of metamorphosis in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). |
| PubMed: | HPLC isolation and NMR structure elucidation of the most prominent octabromo isomer in technical octabromo diphenyl ether. |
| PubMed: | Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the edible fish caught from the Baltic Sea and lakes in Finland. |
| PubMed: | Use of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios to assess the effects of environmental contaminants on aquatic food webs. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002. |
| PubMed: | Effects of fomesafen, alone and in combination with an adjuvant, on plankton communities in freshwater outdoor pond mesocosms. |
| PubMed: | Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. |
| PubMed: | Assessment of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japan using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid-1990s. |
| PubMed: | Secular trends and geographical variations in the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid 1990s in Japan. |
| PubMed: | Tissue localisation of tetra- and pentabromodiphenyl ether congeners (BDE-47, -85 and -99) in perinatal and adult C57BL mice. |
| PubMed: | Hapten syntheses and antibody generation for the development of a polybrominated flame retardant ELISA. |
| PubMed: | Common viral infection affects pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) distribution and metabolic and hormonal activities in mice. |
| PubMed: | Bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in biosolids and spiked sediment to the aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. |
| PubMed: | Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in retail fish and shellfish samples purchased from Canadian markets. |
| PubMed: | [Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in foodstuffs and human milk]. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: human tissue levels and toxicology. |
| PubMed: | Brominated organic contaminants in the liver and egg of the common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine compounds in biota from the marine environment of East Greenland. |
| PubMed: | Levels of organohalogenated persistent pollutants in human milk from Kahramanmaraş region, Turkey. |
| PubMed: | Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE 99 and BDE 183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). |
| PubMed: | Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. |
| PubMed: | Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web in Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. |
| PubMed: | Time-trend (1973-2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother's milk. |
| PubMed: | Evaluation of brominated diphenyl ether-99 toxicity with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna. |
| PubMed: | Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000. |
| PubMed: | Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. |
| PubMed: | A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants--particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. |
| PubMed: | Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. |
| PubMed: | Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. |
| PubMed: | Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk. |
| PubMed: | Geographical distribution (2000) and temporal trends (1981-2000) of brominated diphenyl ethers in Great Lakes hewing gull eggs. |
| PubMed: | Evaluation of the dermal subchronic toxicity of diphenyl ether in the rat. |
| PubMed: | Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food Web. |
| PubMed: | Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment. |
| PubMed: | Photochemical degradation of acifluorfen in aqueous solution. |
| PubMed: | Biosynthesis of the hemi- and monoterpene moieties of isoprenyl phenyl ethers from the liverwort Trichocolea tomentella. |
| PubMed: | Tissue distribution of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo[14C]diphenyl ether ([14C]-PBDE 47) in pike (Esox lucius) after dietary exposure--a time series study using whole body autoradiography. |
| PubMed: | Liquid chromatographic detection of Dowtherm A contamination in oleochemicals and edible oils. |
| PubMed: | Applications of High-Temperature Aqueous Media for Synthetic Organic Reactions. |
| PubMed: | Lack of effects of some individual polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on human lymphocyte functions in vitro. |
| PubMed: | Prenatal risks deriving from environmental chemicals. |
| PubMed: | Diphenyl ether cleavage of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid by chicken kidney microsomal preparations. |
| PubMed: | Mechanistic studies: their role in the toxicological evaluation of pesticides. |
| PubMed: | Survey of diphenyl ether herbicides in dietary foods by the total diet study in Osaka, Japan. |
| PubMed: | Chlorinated compounds in tissues of chickens raised on pentachlorophenol-contaminated litter. |
| PubMed: | Disposition of chlorinated diphenyl ethers isolated from technical pentachlorophenol in the rat. |
| PubMed: | Diphenyl ether herbicides and related compounds: structure--activity relationships as bacterial mutagens. |
| PubMed: | Diphenyl ether herbicides: mutagenic metabolites and photoproducts of nitrofen. |
| PubMed: | Diphenyl ether herbicides remarkably elevate the content in Spinacia oleracea of (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2 propenamide. |
| PubMed: | New potent diphenyl ether herbicides. |
| PubMed: | [Studies on antiseptics for foodstuff. LXXII. Studies on diphenyl ether derivatives, biphenyl derivatives and dibenzofuran derivatives as a preservative for sake]. |
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