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betanidin

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CAS Number:	2181-76-2	3D/inchi
Other(deleted CASRN):	18766-56-8
FDA UNII:	9I2X8A06CQ
Nikkaji Web:	J325.712F
XlogP3-AA:	-0.50 (est)
Molecular Weight:	388.33312000
Formula:	C18 H16 N2 O8
NMR Predictor:	Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)

Category:natural substances and extractives

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:

Google Scholar:	Search
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Google Patents:	Search
US Patents:	Search
EU Patents:	Search
Pubchem Patents:	Search
PubMed:	Search
NCBI:	Search

Physical Properties:

Assay:	95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed:	No
Soluble in:
	water, 3.458e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Organoleptic Properties:

Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).

Cosmetic Information:

None found

Suppliers:

None found

Safety Information:


Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in Use Information:

Category:
natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for betanidin usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Recommendation for betanidin flavor usage levels up to:
	not for flavor use.

Safety References:

EPI System: View

AIDS Citations:Search

Cancer Citations:Search

Toxicology Citations:Search

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry

Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :102056991

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data

1-[(E)-2-[(2S)-2-carboxy-6-(dihydroxymethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyridin-4-yl]ethenyl]-5,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydroindole-2-carboxylic acid

Chemidplus:0002181762

References:

	1-[(E)-2-[(2S)-2-carboxy-6-(dihydroxymethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyridin-4-yl]ethenyl]-5,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydroindole-2-carboxylic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):	102056991
Pubchem (cas):	2181-76-2

Other Information:

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
KEGG (GenomeNet):	C08539
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	Search
FooDB:	FDB000496
VCF-Online:	VCF Volatile Compounds in Food

Potential Blenders and core components note

None Found

Potential Uses:

None Found

Occurrence (nature, food, other):note

beet root
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Synonyms:

1-[(E)-2-[(2S)-2-	carboxy-6-(dihydroxymethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyridin-4-yl]ethenyl]-5,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydroindole-2-carboxylic acid
2,6-	pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 4-(2-(2-carboxy-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-, (S-(R*,R))-

Articles:

PubMed:Revisiting the Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Betanin.

PubMed:Thermal Degradation of Major Gomphrenin Pigments in the Fruit Juice of Basella alba L. (Malabar Spinach).

PubMed:Chlorination of Betacyanins in Several Hypochlorous Acid Systems.

PubMed:Characterisation of betalain biosynthesis in Parakeelya flowers identifies the key biosynthetic gene DOD as belonging to an expanded LigB gene family that is conserved in betalain-producing species.

PubMed:Production of dihydroxylated betalains and dopamine in cell suspension cultures of Celosia argentea var. plumosa.

PubMed:Betanin--a food colorant with biological activity.

PubMed:Antioxidant capacity of betacyanins as radical scavengers for peroxyl radical and nitric oxide.

PubMed:Development of an iron(II)-catalyzed aerobic catechol cleavage and biomimetic synthesis of betanidin.

PubMed:Betacyanin biosynthetic genes and enzymes are differentially induced by (a)biotic stress in Amaranthus hypochondriacus.

PubMed:Purple discoloration of the colon found during autopsy: Identification of betanin, its aglycone and metabolites by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.

PubMed:Separation of amaranthine-type betacyanins by ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography.

PubMed:Inactivation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues.

PubMed:Extraction, stability, and separation of betalains from Opuntia joconostle cv. using response surface methodology.

PubMed:Purification and characterization of a betanidin glucosyltransferase from Amaranthus tricolor L catalyzing non-specific biotransformation of flavonoids.

PubMed:Encapsulation of the most potent antioxidant betalains in edible matrixes as powders of different colors.

PubMed:Betacyanin and other antioxidants production during growth of Opuntia stricta (Haw.) fruits.

PubMed:Antioxidant activity of betanidin: electrochemical study in aqueous media.

PubMed:New pathways of betanidin and betanin enzymatic oxidation.

PubMed:Structural identification and bioactivities of red-violet pigments present in Basella alba fruits.

PubMed:Target-guided separation of Bougainvillea glabra betacyanins by direct coupling of preparative ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography and electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry.

PubMed:Profiles of betacyanins in epidermal layers of grafted and light-stressed cacti studied by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS.

PubMed:Betacyanins as phenol antioxidants. Chemistry and mechanistic aspects of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity in solution and liposomes.

PubMed:Mammillarinin: a new malonylated betacyanin from fruits of Mammillaria.

PubMed:Characterization of the activity of tyrosinase on betanidin.

PubMed:Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species.

PubMed:Cloning and functional characterisation of two regioselective flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Beta vulgaris.

PubMed:Amaranthin in feather cockscombs is synthesized via glucuronylation at the cyclo-DOPA glucoside step in the betacyanin biosynthetic pathway.

PubMed:HPLC characterization of betalains from plants in the amaranthaceae.

PubMed:Betaxanthins as substrates for tyrosinase. An approach to the role of tyrosinase in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains.

PubMed:Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding an enzyme with glucosyltransferase activity for cyclo-DOPA from four o'clocks and feather cockscombs.

PubMed:A red beet (Beta vulgaris) UDP-glucosyltransferase gene induced by wounding, bacterial infiltration and oxidative stress.

PubMed:Site-directed mutagenesis and protein 3D-homology modelling suggest a catalytic mechanism for UDP-glucose-dependent betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis.

PubMed:Detection of UDP-glucose:cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity in four o'clocks (Mirabilis jalapa L.).

PubMed:Identification of betalains from petioles of differently colored Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla [L.] Alef. Cv. Bright Lights) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

PubMed:Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyletic origin of betanidin 5- and 6-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis.

PubMed:Selected topics from forty years of natural products research: betalains to flavonoids, antiviral proteins, and neurotoxic nonprotein amino acids.

PubMed:Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus.

PubMed:Betalains--a new class of dietary cationized antioxidants.

PubMed:Betanidin formation from dihydroxyphenylalanine in a model assay system.

PubMed:Betalains of Celosia argentea.

PubMed:Characterization of betacyanin oxidation catalyzed by a peroxidase from Beta vulgaris L. roots.

PubMed:Identification and distribution of simple and acylated betacyanins in the Amaranthaceae.

PubMed:Formation and occurrence of dopamine-derived betacyanins.

PubMed:Phenolics and betacyanins in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) root: distribution and effect of cold storage on the content of total phenolics and three individual compounds.

PubMed:Betalains from Christmas cactus.

PubMed:Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase, a betanidin- and flavonoid-specific enzyme with high homology to inducible glucosyltransferases from the Solanaceae.

PubMed:The decisive step in betaxanthin biosynthesis is a spontaneous reaction1

PubMed:Are the characteristics of betanidin glucosyltransferases from cell-suspension cultures of Dorotheanthus bellidiformis indicative of their phylogenetic relationship with flavonoid glucosyltransferases?

PubMed:Betacyanins from plants and cell cultures of Phytolacca americana.

PubMed:Betacyanins from bracts of Bougainvillea glabra.

PubMed:Synthesis of betanin from betanidin and UDP-glucose by a protein preparation from cell suspension cultures of Dorotheanthus bellidiformis (Burm. f.) N. E. Br.

PubMed:Synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid esters of betacyanins via 1-O-acylglucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids by protein preparations from cell suspension cultures of Chenopodium rubrum and petals of Lampranthus sociorum.

PubMed:[Study of betacyanin-discolorating enzyme].

Notes:

None found

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