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abscisic acid

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CAS Number: 7773-56-0Picture of molecule3D/inchi
FDA UNII: Search
Nikkaji Web:J1.406.676D
XlogP3-AA:1.60 (est)
Molecular Weight:264.32120000
Formula:C15 H20 O4
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:natural substances and extractives
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 water, 1472 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
None found
 
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Abscisic acid, mixed isomers
 
Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for abscisic acid usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for abscisic acid flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :5375200
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
(2E,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
 
References:
 (2E,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):5375200
Pubchem (sid):162072733
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB36093
FooDB:FDB014933
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 anise seed
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 apple fruit
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 apple fruit juice
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 avocado fruit
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 barley seed
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 caraway seed
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 carob bean
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 coriander fruit
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 corn seed
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 cranberry fruit
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 fennel seed
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 onion bulb
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 orange tissue culture
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 pea seed
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 soybean nodule
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 sunflower seed
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 tomato leaf
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Synonyms:
(±)-abscisic acid
(±)-(2E)-abscisic acid
(2E,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid
(2E,4E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid
2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-, (2E,4E)-
 

Articles:

PubMed:Involvement of NAC transcription factor SiNAC1 in a positive feedback loop via ABA biosynthesis and leaf senescence in foxtail millet.
J-Stage:The Roles of CATALASE2 in Abscisic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis Guard Cells
J-Stage:Effects of Depletion of Glutathione on Abscisic Acid- and Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis thaliana
PubMed:Lignosulfonate improves photostability and bioactivity of abscisic acid under UV radiation.
PubMed:The small GTPase, nucleolar GTP-binding protein 1 (NOG1), has a novel role in plant innate immunity.
PubMed:Phytohormone and Putative Defense Gene Expression Differentiates the Response of 'Hayward' Kiwifruit to Psa and Pfm Infections.
PubMed:Drought and exogenous abscisic acid alter hydrogen peroxide accumulation and differentially regulate the expression of two maize RD22-like genes.
PubMed:Alteration of cell wall xylan acetylation trigger defense responses that counterbalance the immune deficiencies of plants impaired in the β subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein.
PubMed:Ectopic Expression of PII Induces Stomatal Closure in Lotus japonicus.
PubMed:Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea.
PubMed:Flavonoid Accumulation Plays an Important Role in the Rust Resistance of Malus Plant Leaves.
PubMed:ABA-Mediated Stomatal Response in Regulating Water Use during the Development of Terminal Drought in Wheat.
PubMed:Synchronization of Somatic Embryogenesis in Date Palm Suspension Culture Using Abscisic Acid.
PubMed:Metabolic profiles of flooding-tolerant mechanism in early-stage soybean responding to initial stress.
PubMed:Multi-imaging of Cytokinin and Abscisic Acid on the Roots of Rice (Oryza sativa) Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry.
PubMed:SlMAPK1/2/3 and Antioxidant Enzymes Are Associated with H2O2-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Tomato Plants.
PubMed:Overexpression of a Grapevine Sucrose Transporter (VvSUC27) in Tobacco Improves Plant Growth Rate in the Presence of Sucrose In vitro.
PubMed:Effects of Drought Stress on Pollen Sterility, Grain Yield, Abscisic Acid and Protective Enzymes in Two Winter Wheat Cultivars.
PubMed:Losing the Warning Signal: Drought Compromises the Cross-Talk of Signaling Molecules in Quercus ilex Exposed to Ozone.
PubMed:Survey of High Throughput RNA-Seq Data Reveals Potential Roles for lncRNAs during Development and Stress Response in Bread Wheat.
PubMed:Tomato UDP-Glucose Sterol Glycosyltransferases: A Family of Developmental and Stress Regulated Genes that Encode Cytosolic and Membrane-Associated Forms of the Enzyme.
PubMed:Infestation of Broad Bean (Vicia faba) by the Green Stink Bug (Nezara viridula) Decreases Shoot Abscisic Acid Contents under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions.
PubMed:Persistent negative temperature response of mesophyll conductance in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves under both high and low vapour pressure deficits: a role for abscisic acid?
PubMed:Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) Genes Involved in the Accumulation of Carotenoid Pigments in Wheat Grain.
PubMed:Potential link between fruit yield, quality parameters and phytohormonal changes in preharvest UV-C treated strawberry.
PubMed:Natural Predominance of Abscisic Acid in Pongammia pinnata ("Karanj") Honey Contributed to its Strong Antimutagenicity.
PubMed:Two-electrode Voltage-clamp Recordings in Xenopus laevis Oocytes: Reconstitution of Abscisic Acid Activation of SLAC1 Anion Channel via PYL9 ABA Receptor.
PubMed:The "STAY-GREEN" trait and phytohormone signaling networks in plants under heat stress.
PubMed:Light-induced Variation in Phenolic Compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) Involves Extensive Transcriptome Reprogramming of Biosynthetic Enzymes, Transcription Factors, and Phytohormonal Regulators.
PubMed:Involvement of WRKY Transcription Factors in Abscisic-Acid-Induced Cold Tolerance of Banana Fruit.
PubMed:Regulation of Banana Phytoene Synthase (MaPSY) Expression, Characterization and Their Modulation under Various Abiotic Stress Conditions.
PubMed:Litchi Fruit LcNAC1 is a Target of LcMYC2 and Regulator of Fruit Senescence Through its Interaction with LcWRKY1.
PubMed:Dissecting molecular and physiological response mechanisms to high solar radiation in cyanic and acyanic leaves: a case study on red and green basil.
PubMed:Abscisic acid enhances cold tolerance in honeybee larvae.
PubMed:Heat shock factor C2a serves as a proactive mechanism for heat protection in developing grains in wheat via an ABA-mediated regulatory pathway.
PubMed:Red blotch disease alters grape berry development and metabolism by interfering with the transcriptional and hormonal regulation of ripening.
PubMed:Ectopic Expression of Aeluropus littoralis Plasma Membrane Protein Gene AlTMP1 Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco by Improving Water Status and Cation Homeostasis.
PubMed:MicroRNA156 improves drought stress tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by silencing SPL13.
PubMed:A chloroplast retrograde signal, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate, acts as a secondary messenger in abscisic acid signaling in stomatal closure and germination.
PubMed:Exploring the Functions of 9-Lipoxygenase (DkLOX3) in Ultrastructural Changes and Hormonal Stress Response during Persimmon Fruit Storage.
PubMed:Design and Functional Characterization of a Novel Abscisic Acid Analog.
PubMed:Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Galactinol Synthases in Camellia sinensis with Different Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stressors.
PubMed:Grape hexokinases are involved in the expression regulation of sucrose synthase- and cell wall invertase-encoding genes by glucose and ABA.
PubMed:Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Proteomic Analysis of Germinating Barley under Gibberellin and Abscisic Acid Treatments.
PubMed:Prevention of Preharvest Sprouting through Hormone Engineering and Germination Recovery by Chemical Biology.
PubMed:Characterization of Stilbene Synthase Genes in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) and Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Resveratrol in Escherichia coli.
PubMed:The carotenoid biosynthetic and catabolic genes in wheat and their association with yellow pigments.
PubMed:Comprehensive analysis of response and tolerant mechanisms in early-stage soybean at initial-flooding stress.
PubMed:Graphene oxide-SiO2 nanocomposite as the adsorbent for extraction and preconcentration of plant hormones for HPLC analysis.
PubMed:Investigation into the role of endogenous abscisic acid during ripening of imported avocado cv. Hass.
PubMed:Global Scale Transcriptional Profiling of Two Contrasting Barley Genotypes Exposed to Moderate Drought Conditions: Contribution of Leaves and Crowns to Water Shortage Coping Strategies.
PubMed:Chloride on the Move.
PubMed:Arabidopsis stress associated protein 9 mediates biotic and abiotic stress responsive ABA signaling via the proteasome pathway.
PubMed:Comprehensive Profiling of Phytohormones in Honey by Sequential Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
PubMed:Transcriptomic analysis reveals the flooding tolerant mechanism in flooding tolerant line and abscisic acid treated soybean.
PubMed:Hormonal regulation of reproductive growth under normal and heat-stress conditions in legume and other model crop species.
PubMed:Paclobutrazol induces tolerance in tomato to deficit irrigation through diversified effects on plant morphology, physiology and metabolism.
PubMed:Enhancing tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa) to simulated acid rain by exogenous abscisic acid.
PubMed:Tissue-Specific Transcriptome and Hormonal Regulation of Pollinated and Parthenocarpic Fig (Ficus carica L.) Fruit Suggest that Fruit Ripening Is Coordinated by the Reproductive Part of the Syconium.
PubMed:Assessing the Effect of Organoclays and Biochar on the Fate of Abscisic Acid in Soil.
PubMed:Bioinformatic Analyses of Subgroup-A Members of the Wheat bZIP Transcription Factor Family and Functional Identification of TabZIP174 Involved in Drought Stress Response.
PubMed:Grape Ripening Is Regulated by Deficit Irrigation/Elevated Temperatures According to Cluster Position in the Canopy.
PubMed:The Synthesis and Accumulation of Resveratrol Are Associated with Veraison and Abscisic Acid Concentration in Beihong (Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) Berry Skin.
PubMed:Seedling Establishment of Tall Fescue Exposed to Long-Term Starvation Stress.
PubMed:Combinatorial interaction network of transcriptomic and phenotypic responses to nitrogen and hormones in the Arabidopsis thaliana root.
PubMed:Cytokinin activity increases stomatal density and transpiration rate in tomato.
PubMed:Improving stomatal functioning at elevated growth air humidity: A review.
PubMed:Linking hormonal profiles with variations in sugar and anthocyanin contents during the natural development and ripening of sweet cherries.
PubMed:A WD40 protein, AtGHS40, negatively modulates abscisic acid degrading and signaling genes during seedling growth under high glucose conditions.
PubMed:System analysis of metabolism and the transcriptome in Arabidopsis thaliana roots reveals differential co-regulation upon iron, sulfur and potassium deficiency.
PubMed:Expression of the Grape VqSTS21 Gene in Arabidopsis Confers Resistance to Osmotic Stress and Biotrophic Pathogens but Not Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed:Survey of Genes Involved in Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling of Phytohormones with Focus on Solanum lycopersicum.
PubMed:Cyclic ADP-ribose and IP3 mediate abscisic acid-induced isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts.
PubMed:Alleviation of Drought Stress by Hydrogen Sulfide Is Partially Related to the Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway in Wheat.
PubMed:Postharvest Application of Oligochitosan and Chitosan Reduces Calyx Alterations of Citrus Fruit Induced by Ethephon Degreening Treatment.
PubMed:Metabolite Profiling Reveals a Specific Response in Tomato to Predaceous Chrysoperla carnea Larvae and Herbivore(s)-Predator Interactions with the Generalist Pests Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae.
PubMed:Improving agronomic water use efficiency in tomato by rootstock-mediated hormonal regulation of leaf biomass.
PubMed:The evolution of the role of ABA in the regulation of water-use efficiency: From biochemical mechanisms to stomatal conductance.
PubMed:Rapid hyperosmotic-induced Ca2+ responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit sensory potentiation and involvement of plastidial KEA transporters.
PubMed:Overexpression of OsEm1 encoding a group I LEA protein confers enhanced drought tolerance in rice.
PubMed:Ectopic expression of NnPER1, a Nelumbo nucifera 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin antioxidant, enhances seed longevity and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Heterotrimeric G-proteins facilitate resistance to plant pathogenic viruses in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
PubMed:OsASR5 enhances drought tolerance through a stomatal closure pathway associated with ABA and H2 O2 signalling in rice.
PubMed:Deciphering the roles of circRNAs on chilling injury in tomato.
PubMed:Polyphenolic responses of grapevine berries to light, temperature, oxidative stress, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid show specific developmental-dependent degrees of metabolic resilience to perturbation.
PubMed:Role of phytohormones in aluminium rhizotoxicity.
PubMed:Physiological significance of isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids in drought response of Arundinoideae species with contrasting habitats and metabolism.
PubMed:Developmental and stress regulation on expression of a novel miRNA, Fan-miR73, and its target ABI5 in strawberry.
PubMed:Studies on optimum harvest time for hybrid rice seed.
PubMed:Soybean Seed Development: Fatty Acid and Phytohormone Metabolism and Their Interactions.
PubMed:Response of phytohormones and correlation of SAR signal pathway genes to the different resistance levels of grapevine against Plasmopara viticola infection.
PubMed:Comparative Transcriptome Analysis between Low- and High-Cadmium-Accumulating Genotypes of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Response to Cadmium Stress.
PubMed:Drought-responsive WRKY transcription factor genes TaWRKY1 and TaWRKY33 from wheat confer drought and/or heat resistance in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Transcriptomic network analyses of leaf dehydration responses identify highly connected ABA and ethylene signaling hubs in three grapevine species differing in drought tolerance.
PubMed:Profiling of phytohormones and their major metabolites in rice using binary solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Transcriptome analysis revealed the drought-responsive genes in Tibetan hulless barley.
PubMed:PP2C-like Promoter and Its Deletion Variants Are Induced by ABA but Not by MeJA and SA in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:VvPIP2;4N aquaporin involvement in controlling leaf hydraulic capacitance and resistance in grapevine.
PubMed:Exogenous Abscisic Acid and Gibberellic Acid Elicit Opposing Effects on Fusarium graminearum Infection in Wheat.
PubMed:Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Flooding-Tolerance Mechanism in Mutant and Abscisic Acid-Treated Soybean.
PubMed:Reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling cascades in endophytic bacterium induced essential oil accumulation in Atractylodes lancea.
PubMed:Comprehensive Analysis of ABA Effects on Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling during Tomato Fruit Ripening.
PubMed:Emerging Trends in Molecular Interactions between Plants and the Broad Host Range Fungal Pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
PubMed:Rich haplotypes of Viviparous-1 in Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta with different abscisic acid sensitivities.
PubMed:AtMYB12 regulates flavonoids accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Genome-wide characterization and comparative analysis of the MLO gene family in cotton.
PubMed:Light-harvesting complexes in photosystem II regulate glutathione-induced sensitivity of Arabidopsis guard cells to abscisic acid.
PubMed:Dissection of early transcriptional responses to water stress in Arundo donax L. by unigene-based RNA-seq.
PubMed:Abscisic acid and pyrabactin improve vitamin C contents in raspberries.
PubMed:Grapevine Rootstocks Differentially Affect the Rate of Ripening and Modulate Auxin-Related Genes in Cabernet Sauvignon Berries.
PubMed:Molecular and systems approaches towards drought-tolerant canola crops.
PubMed:ABA receptor PYL9 promotes drought resistance and leaf senescence.
PubMed:Overexpression of Muscadinia rotundifolia CBF2 gene enhances biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Molecular cloning, functional characterization and expression of potato (Solanum tuberosum) 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 (StDXS1) in response to Phytophthora infestans.
PubMed:Polyamine oxidase 5 loss-of-function mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana trigger metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming and promote salt stress tolerance.
PubMed:Integrated physiological and hormonal profile of heat-induced thermotolerance in Pinus radiata.
PubMed:Dehydrins from wheat x Thinopyrum ponticum amphiploid increase salinity and drought tolerance under their own inducible promoters without growth retardation.
PubMed:Enhanced Diterpene Tanshinone Accumulation and Bioactivity of Transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots by Pathway Engineering.
PubMed:Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the mulberry Na(+)/H(+) exchanger gene family.
PubMed:Involvement of three annexin genes in the ripening of strawberry fruit regulated by phytohormone and calcium signal transduction.
PubMed:Rice Stomatal Closure Requires Guard Cell Plasma Membrane ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter RCN1/OsABCG5.
PubMed:A novel Cys2/His2 zinc finger protein gene from sweetpotato, IbZFP1, is involved in salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Type B Heterotrimeric G Protein γ-Subunit Regulates Auxin and ABA Signaling in Tomato.
PubMed:Identification of a Stelar-Localized Transport Protein That Facilitates Root-to-Shoot Transfer of Chloride in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Exploring Jasmonates in the Hormonal Network of Drought and Salinity Responses.
PubMed:Effects of ABA and CaCl₂ on GABA accumulation in fava bean germinating under hypoxia-NaCl stress.
PubMed:Cold Treatment Breaks Dormancy but Jeopardizes Flower Quality in Camellia japonica L.
PubMed:Genome-wide expression analysis offers new insights into the origin and evolution of Physcomitrella patens stress response.
PubMed:Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of early seed development in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
PubMed:Characterization of major ripening events during softening in grape: turgor, sugar accumulation, abscisic acid metabolism, colour development, and their relationship with growth.
PubMed:Antisense down-regulation of the strawberry β-galactosidase gene FaβGal4 increases cell wall galactose levels and reduces fruit softening.
PubMed:The tomato mutant ars1 (altered response to salt stress 1) identifies an R1-type MYB transcription factor involved in stomatal closure under salt acclimation.
PubMed:Abscisic acid and other plant hormones: Methods to visualize distribution and signaling.
PubMed:On a quest for stress tolerance genes: membrane transporters in sensing and adapting to hostile soils.
PubMed:Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors involved in abiotic stresses: A molecular model of a wheat bZIP factor and implications of its structure in function.
PubMed:CO2 Sensing and CO2 Regulation of Stomatal Conductance: Advances and Open Questions.
PubMed:Using the combined analysis of transcripts and metabolites to propose key genes for differential terpene accumulation across two regions.
PubMed:Recent advances in understanding carotenoid-derived signaling molecules in regulating plant growth and development.
PubMed:Saffron: Its Phytochemistry, Developmental Processes, and Biotechnological Prospects.
PubMed:Ectopic expression of a hot pepper bZIP-like transcription factor in potato enhances drought tolerance without decreasing tuber yield.
PubMed:Transcriptome profiling of postharvest strawberry fruit in response to exogenous auxin and abscisic acid.
PubMed:Sustained low abscisic acid levels increase seedling vigor under cold stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
PubMed:Jasmonic Acid, Abscisic Acid, and Salicylic Acid Are Involved in the Phytoalexin Responses of Rice to Fusarium fujikuroi, a High Gibberellin Producer Pathogen.
PubMed:The effects of GA and ABA treatments on metabolite profile of germinating barley.
PubMed:Secondary metabolites in fungus-plant interactions.
PubMed:Phytotoxic mechanisms of bur cucumber seed extracts on lettuce with special reference to analysis of chloroplast proteins, phytohormones, and nutritional elements.
PubMed:Salt-Related MYB1 Coordinates Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Signaling during Salt Stress in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Tuning plant signaling and growth to survive salt.
PubMed:A new sesquiterpene from the entomogenous fungus Phomopsis amygdali.
PubMed:Abscisic acid enhances tolerance of wheat seedlings to drought and regulates transcript levels of genes encoding ascorbate-glutathione biosynthesis.
PubMed:Identification of Open Stomata1-Interacting Proteins Reveals Interactions with Sucrose Non-fermenting1-Related Protein Kinases2 and with Type 2A Protein Phosphatases That Function in Abscisic Acid Responses.
PubMed:Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN induces long-term metabolic and transcriptional changes involved in Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance.
PubMed:Response difference of transgenic and conventional rice (Oryza sativa) to nanoparticles (γFe₂O₃).
PubMed:Effects of bisphenol A, an environmental endocrine disruptor, on the endogenous hormones of plants.
PubMed:Change of function of the wheat stress-responsive transcriptional repressor TaRAP2.1L by repressor motif modification.
PubMed:Kinetin modulates physio-hormonal attributes and isoflavone contents of Soybean grown under salinity stress.
PubMed:Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Possible Influences of ABA on Secondary Metabolism of Pigments, Flavonoids and Antioxidants in Tomato Fruit during Ripening.
PubMed:Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Influence of Abscisic Acid on the Metabolism of Pigments, Ascorbic Acid and Folic Acid during Strawberry Fruit Ripening.
PubMed:The guard cell metabolome: functions in stomatal movement and global food security.
PubMed:Bundle-sheath aquaporins play a role in controlling Arabidopsis leaf hydraulic conductivity.
PubMed:Uncovering DELLA-Independent Gibberellin Responses by Characterizing New Tomato procera Mutants.
PubMed:Physiological changes and sHSPs genes relative transcription in relation to the acquisition of seed germination during maturation of hybrid rice seed.
PubMed:The rice RCN11 gene encodes β1,2-xylosyltransferase and is required for plant responses to abiotic stresses and phytohormones.
PubMed:Postharvest Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid Reduces Internal Browning in Pineapple.
PubMed:Enhancing growth performance and systemic acquired resistance of medicinal plant Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress.
PubMed:Carotenoid accumulation during tomato fruit ripening is modulated by the auxin-ethylene balance.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of plant hormones in peach based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Ozone-Induced Rice Grain Yield Loss Is Triggered via a Change in Panicle Morphology That Is Controlled by ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1 Gene.
PubMed:Inhibition of SlMPK1, SlMPK2, and SlMPK3 Disrupts Defense Signaling Pathways and Enhances Tomato Fruit Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed:Increased tolerance to salt stress in OPDA-deficient rice ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE mutants is linked to an increased ROS-scavenging activity.
PubMed:Arabidopsis AtbHLH112 regulates the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance by binding to their E-box and GCG-box motifs.
PubMed:Stress-related hormones and glycinebetaine interplay in protection of photosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions.
PubMed:Liming can decrease legume crop yield and leaf gas exchange by enhancing root to shoot ABA signalling.
PubMed:Quantitative proteomics of nuclear phosphoproteins in the root tip of soybean during the initial stages of flooding stress.
PubMed:Potential of Different Coleus blumei Tissues for Rosmarinic Acid Production.
PubMed:Osmotic stress represses strigolactone biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus roots: exploring the interaction between strigolactones and ABA under abiotic stress.
PubMed:The regulatory network of ThbZIP1 in response to abscisic acid treatment.
PubMed:Mechanisms for the influence of citrus rootstocks on fruit size.
PubMed:Scanning the effects of ethyl methanesulfonate on the whole genome of Lotus japonicus using second-generation sequencing analysis.
PubMed:Exogenous abscisic acid application decreases cadmium accumulation in Arabidopsis plants, which is associated with the inhibition of IRT1-mediated cadmium uptake.
PubMed:Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates grape bud dormancy, and dormancy release stimuli may act through modification of ABA metabolism.
PubMed:Hormonal Regulation and Expression Profiles of Wheat Genes Involved during Phytic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway.
PubMed:The ecological genomic basis of salinity adaptation in Tunisian Medicago truncatula.
PubMed:Effects of terbium (III) on signaling molecules in horseradish.
PubMed:Research advances in major cereal crops for adaptation to abiotic stresses.
PubMed:Arabidopsis cold shock domain protein 2 influences ABA accumulation in seed and negatively regulates germination.
PubMed:Traversing organizational scales in plant salt-stress responses.
PubMed:Effect of cytokinins on delaying petunia flower senescence: a transcriptome study approach.
PubMed:SiLEA14, a novel atypical LEA protein, confers abiotic stress resistance in foxtail millet.
PubMed:Long-term impact of deficit irrigation on the physical quality of berries in 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes.
PubMed:From dusk till dawn: the Arabidopsis thaliana sugar starving responsive network.
PubMed:Enhancing crop yield with the use of N-based fertilizers co-applied with plant hormones or growth regulators.
PubMed:Pyrenophoric acids B and C, two new phytotoxic sesquiterpenoids produced by Pyrenophora semeniperda.
PubMed:Interplay between GST and nitric oxide in the early response of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants to salinity stress.
PubMed:Rice GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT KINASE is required for drought tolerance and grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions.
PubMed:Validated method for phytohormone quantification in plants.
PubMed:Isolation and molecular characterization of ERF1, an ethylene response factor gene from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum), potentially involved in salt-stress responses.
PubMed:Lessons from crop plants struggling with salinity.
PubMed:Determination of antioxidant capacities, α-dicarbonyls, and phenolic phytochemicals in Florida varietal honeys using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n.).
PubMed:Hormones, polyamines, and cell wall metabolism during oil palm fruit mesocarp development and ripening.
PubMed:Functional characterization of xanthoxin dehydrogenase in rice.
PubMed:Effect of salt stress in the regulation of anthocyanins and color of hibiscus flowers by digital image analysis.
PubMed:Water Balance, Hormone Homeostasis, and Sugar Signaling Are All Involved in Tomato Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus.
PubMed:OsNAP connects abscisic acid and leaf senescence by fine-tuning abscisic acid biosynthesis and directly targeting senescence-associated genes in rice.
PubMed:Development of an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid in rose leaves.
PubMed:Allele diversity for abiotic stress responsive candidate genes in chickpea reference set using gene based SNP markers.
PubMed:Seed dormancy and germination-emerging mechanisms and new hypotheses.
PubMed:Elucidation of the specific formation of homo- and heterodimeric forms of ThbZIP1 and its role in stress.
PubMed:Adapting wheat in Europe for climate change.
PubMed:Abscisic acid metabolism and anthocyanin synthesis in grape skin are affected by light emitting diode (LED) irradiation at night.
PubMed:Tomato PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid receptors show high expression in root, differential sensitivity to the abscisic acid agonist quinabactin, and the capability to enhance plant drought resistance.
PubMed:Threshold response of stomatal closing ability to leaf abscisic acid concentration during growth.
PubMed:Functional characterization of a new grapevine MYB transcription factor and regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapes.
PubMed:Disruption of the homogentisate solanesyltransferase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes and root, trichome and stomata defects in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Spatio-temporal appearance of α-amylase and limit dextrinase in barley aleurone layer in response to gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid.
PubMed:Isoprene production in transgenic tobacco alters isoprenoid, non-structural carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid metabolism, and protects photosynthesis from drought stress.
PubMed:Metabolite profiling of polyphenols in peels of Citrus limetta Risso by combination of preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography and LC-ESI-MS/MS.
PubMed:Characterization of a wheat pathogenesis-related protein, TaBWPR-1.2, in seminal roots in response to waterlogging stress.
PubMed:Fruit load induces changes in global gene expression and in abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) homeostasis in citrus buds.
PubMed:Effect of light on growth and endogenous hormones in Chlorella minutissima (Trebouxiophyceae).
PubMed:Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2C ABI1 interacts with type I ACC synthases and is involved in the regulation of ozone-induced ethylene biosynthesis.
PubMed:Hypoosmotic expression of Dunaliella bardawil ζ-carotene desaturase is attributed to a hypoosmolarity-responsive element different from other key carotenogenic genes.
PubMed:Determination of phenolic compounds in honey using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
PubMed:RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of Spirodela dormancy without reproduction.
PubMed:Topsoil drying combined with increased sulfur supply leads to enhanced aliphatic glucosinolates in Brassica juncea leaves and roots.
PubMed:In vivo studies on artificial induction of thermotolerance to detached panicles of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars under heat stress.
PubMed:Differential analysis of protein expression in RNA-binding-protein transgenic and parental rice seeds cultivated under salt stress.
PubMed:Gene expression in vessel-associated cells upon xylem embolism repair in Vitis vinifera L. petioles.
PubMed:Dynamic changes in proteins during apple (Malus x domestica) fruit ripening and storage.
PubMed:[Responding relationship between endogenous hormones and hyperspectra reflectance for the different flowering stages of the giant panda's staple-food bamboos in Qinling].
PubMed:Systemic acquired resistance (50 years after discovery): moving from the lab to the field.
PubMed:How sensitive is Melissa officinalis to realistic ozone concentrations?
PubMed:Hydrogen peroxide regulated photosynthesis in C4-pepc transgenic rice.
PubMed:Insights into genomics of salt stress response in rice.
PubMed:Effect of abiotic elicitation on main health-promoting compounds, antioxidant activity and commercial quality of butter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).
PubMed:COLD SHOCK DOMAIN PROTEIN 3 is involved in salt and drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:The importance of Arabidopsis glutathione peroxidase 8 for protecting Arabidopsis plant and E. coli cells against oxidative stress.
PubMed:Gene expression patterns in wheat coleorhiza under cold- and biological stratification.
PubMed:Analysis of acidic endogenous phytohormones in grapes by using online solid-phase extraction coupled with LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Foliar abscisic acid content underlies genotypic variation in stomatal responsiveness after growth at high relative air humidity.
PubMed:The role of hormones in the aging of plants - a mini-review.
PubMed:Development of a rapid LC-DAD/FLD method for the simultaneous determination of auxins and abscisic acid in plant extracts.
PubMed:Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Serbian polyfloral honeys.
PubMed:Phytochemical and physical-chemical analysis of Polish willow (Salix spp.) honey: identification of the marker compounds.
PubMed:Transcriptomics of induced defense responses to greenbug aphid feeding in near isogenic wheat lines.
PubMed:Effect of abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzymes in Syzygium cumini plant.
PubMed:Signaling molecules and cell death in Melissa officinalis plants exposed to ozone.
PubMed:Isolation and expression profiling of GhNAC transcription factor genes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during leaf senescence and in response to stresses.
PubMed:Structure and expression of barley starch phosphorylase genes.
PubMed:Molecular characterisation and the light-dark regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in sprouts of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.).
PubMed:Gibberellin 3-oxidase gene expression patterns influence gibberellin biosynthesis, growth, and development in pea.
PubMed:A systemic response of geophytes is demonstrated by patterns of protein expression and the accumulation of signal molecules in Zantedeschia aethiopica.
PubMed:Silencing of TaBTF3 gene impairs tolerance to freezing and drought stresses in wheat.
PubMed:Manipulation of microRNA expression to improve nitrogen use efficiency.
PubMed:Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of abscisic acid effect in early-stage soybean under flooding.
PubMed:A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of salicylic, jasmonic and abscisic acids in Coffea arabica leaves.
PubMed:Effects of nitric oxide treatment on the cell wall softening related enzymes and several hormones of papaya fruit during storage.
PubMed:Molecular characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases and the effect of gibberellin, abscisic acid, and sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and carotenoid accumulation in the callus of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.
PubMed:Low-temperature conditioning induces chilling tolerance in 'Hayward' kiwifruit by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating en-dogenous hormones levels.
PubMed:Chemical composition of two different extracts of berries harvested in Serbia.
PubMed:Differential expression of genes encoding acid invertases in multiple shoots of bamboo in response to various phytohormones and environmental factors.
PubMed:Proteomic analysis on the leaves of TaBTF3 gene virus-induced silenced wheat plants may reveal its regulatory mechanism.
PubMed:Increasing the phenolic compound content of grapes by preharvest application of abcisic acid and a combination of methyl jasmonate and benzothiadiazole.
PubMed:Correlation between hormonal homeostasis and morphogenic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings growing in a Cd/Cu/Zn multi-pollution context.
PubMed:Early induction of apple fruitlet abscission is characterized by an increase of both isoprene emission and abscisic acid content.
PubMed:[Determination of six plant growth regulator residues in strawberry by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Ingress of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium into tomato leaves through hydathodes.
PubMed:Opening of Iris flowers is regulated by endogenous auxins.
PubMed:Exogenously applied abscisic acid to Yan73 (V. vinifera) grapes enhances phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of its wine.
PubMed:Rapid capillary electrochromatographic profiling of phytohormones on a hydrophilic interaction/strong anion-exchange mixed-mode monolith.
PubMed:Abscisic acid refines the synthesis of chloroplast proteins in maize (Zea mays) in response to drought and light.
PubMed:Influence of exogenously applied abscisic acid on carotenoid content and water uptake in flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
PubMed:A novel nuclear protein phosphatase 2C negatively regulated by ABL1 is involved in abiotic stress and panicle development in rice.
PubMed:Grape berry ripening delay induced by a pre-véraison NAA treatment is paralleled by a shift in the expression pattern of auxin- and ethylene-related genes.
PubMed:Delay of iris flower senescence by cytokinins and jasmonates.
PubMed:Riboflavin and lumichrome in Dalmatian sage honey and other unifloral honeys determined by LC-DAD technique.
PubMed:Constituents from Vigna vexillata and their anti-inflammatory activity.
PubMed:The grapevine root-specific aquaporin VvPIP2;4N controls root hydraulic conductance and leaf gas exchange under well-watered conditions but not under water stress.
PubMed:Osmotic stress signaling via protein kinases.
PubMed:Arabidopsis cpSRP54 regulates carotenoid accumulation in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus.
PubMed:Flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in grape skin are differentially regulated by temperature and light conditions.
PubMed:Enhancement of folate content and its stability using food grade elicitors in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).
PubMed:Influence of rootstock on drought response in young 'Gale Gala' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees.
PubMed:Promoter analyses and transcriptional profiling of eggplant polyphenol oxidase 1 gene (SmePPO1) reveal differential response to exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid.
PubMed:Analysis of plant hormones by microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography coupled with on-line large volume sample stacking.
PubMed:Down-regulation of β-carotene hydroxylase increases β-carotene and total carotenoids enhancing salt stress tolerance in transgenic cultured cells of sweetpotato.
PubMed:How is ozone pollution reducing our food supply?
PubMed:Proteomics and posttranslational proteomics of seed dormancy and germination.
PubMed:A new glycosylated dihydrophaseic acid from cacao germs (Theobroma cacao L.).
PubMed:Convergence of developmental mutants into a single tomato model system: 'Micro-Tom' as an effective toolkit for plant development research.
PubMed:Further investigation into maple syrup yields 3 new lignans, a new phenylpropanoid, and 26 other phytochemicals.
PubMed:Site-directed mutagenesis of histidine 69 and glutamic acid 148 alters the ribonuclease activity of pea ABR17 (PR10.4).
PubMed:An atypical heterotrimeric G-protein γ-subunit is involved in guard cell K⁺-channel regulation and morphological development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Solar UV-B and ABA are involved in phenol metabolism of Vitis vinifera L. increasing biosynthesis of berry skin polyphenols.
PubMed:Characterization of a single recessive yield trait mutant with elevated endogenous ABA concentration and deformed grains, spikelets and leaves.
PubMed:Differential effects of cold acclimation and abscisic acid on free amino acid composition in wheat.
PubMed:Bundle-sheath cell regulation of xylem-mesophyll water transport via aquaporins under drought stress: a target of xylem-borne ABA?
PubMed:Proteomic analysis of heterosis during maize seed germination.
PubMed:Redox-sensitive proteome and antioxidant strategies in wheat seed dormancy control.
PubMed:Immature seeds and embryos of Medicago truncatula cultured in vitro.
PubMed:Functional characterization of four APETALA2-family genes (RAP2.6, RAP2.6L, DREB19 and DREB26) in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Characterization, sub-cellular localization and expression profiling of the isoprenylcysteine methylesterase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:The metabolic and developmental roles of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 from potato.
PubMed:Exogenous gibberellic acid reprograms soybean to higher growth and salt stress tolerance.
PubMed:Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on yield, antioxidant capacities, and phytochemical contents of greenhouse grown lettuces.
PubMed:Molecular cloning of a PR-5 like protein gene from cherry tomato and analysis of the response of this gene to abiotic stresses.
PubMed:Differential effects of cold, osmotic stress and abscisic acid on polyamine accumulation in wheat.
PubMed:Evaluation of synergistic antioxidant potential of complex mixtures using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
PubMed:Floral markers of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey.
PubMed:Floral initiation process at the soybean shoot apical meristem may involve multiple hormonal pathways.
PubMed:Belowground ABA boosts aboveground production of DIMBOA and primes induction of chlorogenic acid in maize.
PubMed:HPLC assay of tomato carotenoids: validation of a rapid microextraction technique.
PubMed:Influence of postharvest treatments on quality, carotenoids, and abscisic acid content of stored "spring belle" peach (prunus persica) fruit.
PubMed:Structure and function of homodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins.
PubMed:Oxalic acid-mediated stress responses in Brassica napus L.
PubMed:Identification and expression analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in canola (Brassica napus L.) in response to fungal pathogens and hormone treatments.
PubMed:Food production: reducing water consumption by manipulating long-distance chemical signalling in plants.
PubMed:[Advances in plant lipoxygenases research].
PubMed:Timing and biosynthetic potential for carotenoid accumulation in genetically diverse germplasm of maize.
PubMed:Elaboration of a reliable strategy based on real-time PCR to characterize genetically modified plantlets and to evaluate the efficiency of a marker gene removal in grape (Vitis spp.).
PubMed:Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate inhibits K+-efflux channel activity in NT1 tobacco cultured cells.
PubMed:Identification of OsbZIP72 as a positive regulator of ABA response and drought tolerance in rice.
PubMed:Molecular processes underlying the floral transition in the soybean shoot apical meristem.
PubMed:Transcriptional profiling of pea ABR17 mediated changes in gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Gene expression analyses in individual grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries during ripening initiation reveal that pigmentation intensity is a valid indicator of developmental staging within the cluster.
PubMed:Diversification of the barley and wheat blt101/wpi6 promoters by the Xumet element without affecting stress responsiveness.
PubMed:[Change of endogenous hormone around sprout tumble of Pinellia ternata under high temperature stress].
PubMed:Effect of water deficit irrigation and inoculation with Botrytis cinerea on strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit quality.
PubMed:Mechanisms of cross talk between gibberellin and other hormones.
PubMed:Metabolite analyses of grain from maize hybrids grown in the United States under drought and watered conditions during the 2002 field season.
PubMed:Chemical profiling and gene expression profiling during the manufacturing process of Taiwan oolong tea "Oriental Beauty".
PubMed:Constitutive expression of the pea ABA-responsive 17 (ABR17) cDNA confers multiple stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Regulation of summer dormancy by water deficit and ABA in Poa bulbosa ecotypes.
PubMed:AtGRP7 is involved in the regulation of abscisic acid and stress responses in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Novel interrelationship between salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and PIP2-specific phospholipase C in heat acclimation-induced thermotolerance in pea leaves.
PubMed:Metabolic changes of Malvasia grapes for wine production during postharvest drying.
PubMed:Rice endophyte Pantoea agglomerans YS19 promotes host plant growth and affects allocations of host photosynthates.
PubMed:Evolutionary process of stress response systems controlled by abscisic acid in photosynthetic organisms.
PubMed:Carbohydrate metabolism as related to high-temperature conditioning and peel disorders occurring during storage of citrus fruit.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of multiple phytohormones in plant extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Involvement of GIGANTEA gene in the regulation of the cold stress response in Arabidopsis.
PubMed:Identification and immunogold localization of a novel bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) peroxisome channel protein induced by ABA, cold and drought stresses, and late embryogenesis.
PubMed:Mechanism of the formation of a dehydrated ion by an unusual loss of oxygen at the 4'-carbonyl group of abscisic acid methyl ester in electron ionization mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites.
PubMed:Physiological and biochemical characterization of quinclorac resistance in a false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) biotype.
PubMed:Antioxidant properties of prunes (Prunus domestica L.) and their constituents.
PubMed:Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the direct pathway via ionylideneethane in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta.
PubMed:Induction of phytohormones and differential gene expression in citrus flowers infected by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum.
PubMed:The biosynthetic pathway to abscisic acid via ionylideneethane in the fungus Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed:Allelopathic potential of Citrus junos fruit waste from food processing industry.
PubMed:Two glucosylated abscisic acid derivates from avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae cv. Hass).
PubMed:Identification of the bacterial alarmone guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) in plants.
PubMed:Plant protein inhibitors of invertases.
PubMed:Abscisic acid related compounds and lignans in prunes (Prunus domestica L.) and their oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).
PubMed:[The ultrastructure of apple cells during storage].
PubMed:Genetic engineering of a zeaxanthin-rich potato by antisense inactivation and co-suppression of carotenoid epoxidation.
PubMed:Identification of dehydration-responsive cysteine proteases during post-harvest senescence of broccoli florets.
PubMed:Isolation and identification of an allelopathic substance from peel of Citrus junos.
PubMed:Investigation into the importance of the stomatal pathway in the exchange of PCBs between air and plants.
PubMed:Characterization of SP1, a stress-responsive, boiling-soluble, homo-oligomeric protein from aspen.
PubMed:Characterization of the major proteins of tubers of yam bean (Pachyrhizus ahipa).
PubMed:Stability of barley aleurone transcripts: Dependence on protein synthesis, influence of the starchy endosperm and destabilization by GA3.
PubMed:(-)-Semivioxanthin, a new abscisic active compound against Hinoki cypress leaves isolated from Cryptosporiopsis abietina.
PubMed:Abscisic acid and hypoxic induction of anoxia tolerance in roots of lettuce seedlings.
PubMed:Expression of spinach ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes in response to oxidative stresses.
PubMed:Role of ethylene and abscisic acid in physicochemical modifications during melon ripening.
PubMed:2-fluoroabscisic acid analogues: their synthesis and biological activities.
PubMed:Studies on the growth and indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid content of Zea mays seedlings grown in microgravity.
PubMed:Molecular aspects of legume seed storage protein synthesis.
PubMed:Correlation between Changes in Mitochondrial Membranes of Artichoke Tubers and Their Hardening and Dormancy.
 
Notes:
Used to regulate ripening of fruit Abscisic acid (ABA) is an isoprenoid plant hormone, which is synthesized in the plastidal 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway; unlike the structurally related sesquiterpenes, which are formed from the mevalonic acid-derived precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), the C15 backbone of ABA is formed after cleavage of C40 carotenoids in MEP. Zeaxanthin is the first committed ABA precursor; a series of enzyme-catalyzed epoxidations and isomerizations, and final cleavage of the C40 carotenoid by a dioxygenation reaction yields the proximal ABA precursor, xanthoxin, which is then further oxidized to ABA. Abamine has been patented by the Japanese researchers Shigeo Yoshida and Tadao Asami, which are very reluctant to make this substance available in general, neither commercially nor for research purposes.; Abscisic acid (ABA), also known as abscisin II and dormin, is a plant hormone. It functions in many plant developmental processes, including bud dormancy.
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