EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

violaxanthin
zeaxanthin diepoxide

Supplier Sponsors

CAS Number: 126-29-4Picture of molecule3D/inchi
FDA UNII: 51C926029A
Nikkaji Web:J8.626F
Beilstein Number:101269
XlogP3-AA:9.80 (est)
Molecular Weight:600.88312000
Formula:C40 H56 O4
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:natural substances and extractives
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar:Search
Google Books:Search
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Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Google Patents:Search
US Patents:Search
EU Patents:Search
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
 
Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 water, 9.401e-009 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
None found
 
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
trans-Violaxanthin
Odor: characteristic
Use: Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants. Violaxanthin is mainly used as a food additive.
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Violaxanthin
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
Violaxanthin analytical standard
 
Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for violaxanthin usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for violaxanthin flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :448438
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:3
Chemidplus:0000126294
 
References:
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):448438
Pubchem (cas):126-29-4
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
Golm Metabolome Database:Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):C08614
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB03101
FooDB:FDB015879
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 avocado fruit
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 barley sprout
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 cabbage leaf
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 cabbage leaf
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 capsicum annuum
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 carrot leaf
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 carrot leaf
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 cayenne fruit
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 corn leaf
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 dandelion flower
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 date palm fruit
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 fig fruit
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 ginkgo biloba leaf
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 grape fruit
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 kiwi fruit
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 lemon leaf
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 mango
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 orange fruit
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 orange pericarp
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 orange tissue culture
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 papaya fruit
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 papaya leaf
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 parsley shoot
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 passion fruit
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 pepper bell pepper fruit
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 rice plant
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 soybean leaf
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 sunflower flower
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 tea leaf
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 tomato fruit
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Synonyms:
(3S,3'S,5R,5'R, 6S,6'S)-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol
5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-beta-carotene-3,3'-diol
 zeaxanthin diepoxide
 

Articles:

PubMed:The high content of β-carotene present in orange-pulp fruits of Carica papaya L. is not correlated with a high expression of the CpLCY-β2 gene.
PubMed:Pressurized liquid extraction of Neochloris oleoabundans for the recovery of bioactive carotenoids with anti-proliferative activity against human colon cancer cells.
PubMed:Kinetics of carotenoids degradation and furosine formation in dried apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.).
PubMed:Characterization of carotenoid profile of Spanish Sanguinos and Verdal prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica, spp.) tissues.
PubMed:Nutritional composition of mungbean and soybean sprouts compared to their adult growth stage.
PubMed:Reversed Phase HPLC-DAD Profiling of Carotenoids, Chlorophylls and Phenolic Compounds in Adiantum capillus-veneris Leaves.
PubMed:Carotenoid profiling of red navel orange "Cara Cara" harvested from five regions in China.
PubMed:Dissecting molecular and physiological response mechanisms to high solar radiation in cyanic and acyanic leaves: a case study on red and green basil.
PubMed:Effects of High Temperature Frying of Spinach Leaves in Sunflower Oil on Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, and Tocopherol Composition.
PubMed:Blue light dosage affects carotenoids and tocopherols in microgreens.
PubMed:Accumulation of Carotenoids and Metabolic Profiling in Different Cultivars of Tagetes Flowers.
PubMed:Carotenoid profiling of the leaves of selected African eggplant accessions subjected to drought stress.
PubMed:Carotenoids and carotenoid esters of orange- and yellow-fleshed mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn) fruit and their post-prandial absorption in humans.
PubMed:Production of Auroxanthins from Violaxanthin and 9-cis-Violaxanthin by Acidic Treatment and the Antioxidant Activities of Violaxanthin, 9-cis-Violaxanthin, and Auroxanthins.
PubMed:Chemical composition of microalgae Heterochlorella luteoviridis and Dunaliella tertiolecta with emphasis on carotenoids.
PubMed:Innovative Alternative Technologies to Extract Carotenoids from Microalgae and Seaweeds.
PubMed:Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection.
PubMed:Composition by LC-MS/MS of New Carotenoid Esters in Mango and Citrus.
PubMed:Size-dependent depletion and community disturbance of phytoplankton under intensive oyster mariculture based on HPLC pigment analysis in Daya Bay, South China Sea.
PubMed:Determination of free and esterified carotenoid composition in rose hip fruit by HPLC-DAD-APCI(+)-MS.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits.
PubMed:In vitro propagation, carotenoid, fatty acid and tocopherol content of Ajuga multiflora Bunge.
PubMed:Carotenoid profile and retention in yellow-, purple- and red-fleshed potatoes after thermal processing.
PubMed:Fern-synthesized nanoparticles in the fight against malaria: LC/MS analysis of Pteridium aquilinum leaf extract and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with high mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity.
PubMed:Food matrix and processing influence on carotenoid bioaccessibility and lipophilic antioxidant activity of fruit juice-based beverages.
PubMed:Photosynthetic Pigments in Diatoms.
PubMed:Development of C13-norisoprenoids, carotenoids and other volatile compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Pinot noir grapes.
PubMed:Changes in carotenoid profiles and in the expression pattern of the genes in carotenoid metabolisms during fruit development and ripening in four watermelon cultivars.
PubMed:An appraisal of eighteen commonly consumed edible plants as functional food based on their antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities.
PubMed:The effects of LED illumination spectra and intensity on carotenoid content in Brassicaceae microgreens.
PubMed:Lipids, tocopherols, and carotenoids in leaves of amaranth and quinoa cultivars and a new approach to overall evaluation of nutritional quality traits.
PubMed:Development and validation of a rapid resolution liquid chromatography method for the screening of dietary plant isoprenoids: carotenoids, tocopherols and chlorophylls.
PubMed:Regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in winter squash during storage.
PubMed:Effect of UV-C radiation on bioactive compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) by-products.
PubMed:Xanthophyll content of selected vegetables commonly consumed in the Philippines and the effect of boiling.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition of berries and leaves from six Romanian sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) varieties.
PubMed:Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of lettuce improved by espresso coffee residues.
PubMed:Carotenoid profiling in tubers of different potato (Solanum sp) cultivars: accumulation of carotenoids mediated by xanthophyll esterification.
PubMed:In vitro investigation of the bioaccessibility of carotenoids from raw, frozen and boiled red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum).
PubMed:Developmental effects on phenolic, flavonol, anthocyanin, and carotenoid metabolites and gene expression in potatoes.
PubMed:Thermal degradation kinetics of xanthophylls from blood orange in model and real food systems.
PubMed:Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) extract from by-product of juice processing: a focus on carotenoids.
PubMed:Carotenoid content of wild edible young shoots traditionally consumed in Spain (Asparagus acutifolius L., Humulus lupulus L., Bryonia dioica Jacq. and Tamus communis L.).
PubMed:Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: edible microgreens.
PubMed:Genotypic abundance of carotenoids and polyphenolics in the hull of field pea (Pisum sativum L.).
PubMed:Carotenoid bioaccessibility from nine raw carotenoid-storing fruits and vegetables using an in vitro model.
PubMed:Anti-inflammatory effects of violaxanthin isolated from microalga Chlorella ellipsoidea in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
PubMed:The effects of kale (Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala), basil (Ocimum basilicum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as forage material in organic egg production on egg quality.
PubMed:Carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression during fruit development in novel interspecific inbred squash lines and their parents.
PubMed:Thermal degradation kinetics of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and antheraxanthin in virgin olive oils.
PubMed:Influence of different drying methods on carotenoids and capsaicinoids of paprika (Cv., Jalapeno).
PubMed:Changes in carotenoids during processing and storage of pumpkin puree.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition in Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz as determined by HPLC-MS and affected by freeze-drying and hot-air-drying.
PubMed:Influence of rootstock and cultivar on bioactive compounds in citrus peels.
PubMed:Behavior of flavonols and carotenoids of minimally processed kale leaves during storage in passive modified atmosphere packaging.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition and vitamin A value in ají (Capsicum baccatum L.) and rocoto (C. pubescens R. & P.), 2 pepper species from the Andean region.
PubMed:Characterization of bioactive compounds from raw and ripe Mangifera indica L. peel extracts.
PubMed:Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.
PubMed:Simultaneous HPLC-DAD-MS (ESI+) determination of structural and geometrical isomers of carotenoids in mature grapes.
PubMed:The metabolic and developmental roles of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 from potato.
PubMed:Carotenoid and chlorophyll-derived compounds in some wine grapes grown in Apulian region.
PubMed:Stability of carotenoids in Scenedesmus almeriensis biomass and extracts under various storage conditions.
PubMed:gamma-Irradiation dose: effects on baby-leaf spinach ascorbic acid, carotenoids, folate, alpha-tocopherol, and phylloquinone concentrations.
PubMed:Relationship between fresh-packaged spinach leaves exposed to continuous light or dark and bioactive contents: effects of cultivar, leaf size, and storage duration.
PubMed:A large scale method for preparation of plant thylakoids for use in body weight regulation.
PubMed:Effect of genotype and environment on citrus juice carotenoid content.
PubMed:Influence of postharvest treatments on quality, carotenoids, and abscisic acid content of stored "spring belle" peach (prunus persica) fruit.
PubMed:Carotenoid and tocopherol composition of leaves, buds, and flowers of Capparis spinosa grown wild in Tunisia.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), determined by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS.
PubMed:Uncultivated Brazilian green leaves are richer sources of carotenoids than are commercially produced leafy vegetables.
PubMed:Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells.
PubMed:Effects of mesotrione on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) carotenoid concentrations under varying environmental conditions.
PubMed:Total and individual carotenoids and phenolic acids content in fresh, refrigerated and processed spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).
PubMed:Pressurized fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from Phormidium species.
PubMed:Application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography to elucidate the native carotenoid composition in red orange essential oil.
PubMed:Changes in carotenoid content and biosynthetic gene expression in juice sacs of four orange varieties (Citrus sinensis) differing in flesh fruit color.
PubMed:Enhancing the carotenoid content of Brassica napus seeds by downregulating lycopene epsilon cyclase.
PubMed:Genotype, location, and year influence antioxidant activity, carotenoid content, phenolic content, and composition in specialty potatoes.
PubMed:Enhanced carnosic acid levels in two rosemary accessions exposed to cold stress conditions.
PubMed:Carotenoids in white- and red-fleshed loquat fruits.
PubMed:Identification and quantification of xanthophyll esters, carotenes, and tocopherols in the fruit of seven Mexican mango cultivars by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry [LC-(APcI(+))-MS].
PubMed:Qualitative and quantitative differences in carotenoid composition among Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo.
PubMed:Quantification of carotenoids in citrus fruit by LC-MS and comparison of patterns of seasonal changes for carotenoids among citrus varieties.
PubMed:Carotenoids, color, and ascorbic acid content of a novel frozen-marketed orange juice.
PubMed:Pigments in avocado tissue and oil.
PubMed:Characterization of a beta-carotene hydroxylase of Adonis aestivalis and its expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed:Carotenoid profile modification during refrigerated storage in untreated and pasteurized orange juice and orange juice treated with high-intensity pulsed electric fields.
PubMed:Differences in the carotenoid content of ordinary citrus and lycopene-accumulating mutants.
PubMed:Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber-specific silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase.
PubMed:Regulation of color break in citrus fruits. Changes in pigment profiling and gene expression induced by gibberellins and nitrate, two ripening retardants.
PubMed:Antioxidant activity of Botryococcus braunii extract elucidated in vitro models.
PubMed:Carotenoid diversity in cultivated citrus is highly influenced by genetic factors.
PubMed:Improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
PubMed:Lutein in selected Canadian crops and agri-food processing by-products and purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography.
PubMed:Chromatographic determination of changes in pigments in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) during processing.
PubMed:Simple saponification method for the quantitative determination of carotenoids in green vegetables.
PubMed:Isolation of carotenoids from plant materials and dietary supplements by high-speed counter-current chromatography.
PubMed:Determination of major carotenoids in a few Indian leafy vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (Mangifera indica L.).
PubMed:Biochemical and molecular analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) during fruit development and maturation.
PubMed:Evaluation of some carotenoids in grapes by reversed- and normal-phase liquid chromatography: a qualitative analysis.
PubMed:Carotenogenesis during tuber development and storage in potato.
PubMed:Carotenoid compounds in grapes and their relationship to plant water status.
PubMed:Identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids in major teas by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection.
PubMed:Influences of gamma-irradiation and storage on the carotenoids of sun-dried and dehydrated paprika.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition of hydroponic leafy vegetables.
PubMed:Genetic engineering of a zeaxanthin-rich potato by antisense inactivation and co-suppression of carotenoid epoxidation.
PubMed:Carotenoids and carotenoid esters in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.): new insights into an ancient vegetable.
PubMed:Color in fruit of the genus actinidia: carotenoid and chlorophyll compositions.
PubMed:Determination of carotenoid profiles in grapes, musts, and fortified wines from Douro varieties of Vitis vinifera.
PubMed:Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances carotenoid uptake from mixed micelles by Caco-2 human intestinal cells.
PubMed:Structure-reactivity relationship in the oxidation of carotenoid pigments of the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).
PubMed:HPLC determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in processed green pea cultivars (Pisum sativum L.).
PubMed:Carotenoid composition in the fruits of red paprika (Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme rubrum) during ripening; biosynthesis of carotenoids in red paprika.
PubMed:Analysis and stability of carotenoids in the flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis disticha) as affected by various treatments.
PubMed:Seasonal changes of carotenoid pigments and color in Hamlin, Earlygold, and budd blood orange juices.
PubMed:Enzymatic hydrolysis of carotenoid fatty acid esters of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by a lipase from Candida rugosa.
PubMed:Biochemical basis of color as an aesthetic quality in Citrus sinensis.
PubMed:Effects of Ripening, Cultivar Differences, and Processing on the Carotenoid Composition of Mango.
PubMed:Carotenoid composition in the fruits of Asparagus officinalis.
PubMed:Carotenoid biosynthesis changes in five red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars during ripening. Cultivar selection for breeding.
PubMed:Latin American food sources of carotenoids.
PubMed:Chlorophyll and carotenoid patterns in olive fruits, Olea europaea Cv. arbequina.
PubMed:Carotenoid pigments in Rosa mosqueta hips, an alternative carotenoid source for foods.
PubMed:Light-induced De-epoxidation in Lettuce Chloroplasts: VI. De-epoxidation in Grana and in Stoma Lamellae.
PubMed:An Ascorbate-induced Absorbance Change in Chloroplasts from Violaxanthin De-epoxidation.
 
Notes:
3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; Xanthophyll; a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of abscisic acid biosynthesis; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution)
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