|
Category:natural substances and extractives
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 0.003467 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | | natural substances and extractives |
| Recommendation for pristanic acid usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
|
| |
| Recommendation for pristanic acid flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
|
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | pentadecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl- | | 2,6,10,14- | tetramethyl pentadecanoic acid | | 2,6,10,14- | tetramethylpentadecanoic acid |
Articles:
| PubMed:Infantile Refsum Disease: Influence of Dietary Treatment on Plasma Phytanic Acid Levels. |
| PubMed:Phytol is lethal for Amacr-deficient mice. |
| PubMed:"Role of peroxisomes in human lipid metabolism and its importance for neurological development". |
| PubMed:Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1 Caused by a Novel Mutation in the PEX7 Gene. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid provokes lipid, protein, and DNA oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in cerebellum of young rats. |
| PubMed:A novel bile acid biosynthesis defect due to a deficiency of peroxisomal ABCD3. |
| PubMed:Serum phytanic and pristanic acid levels and prostate cancer risk in Finnish smokers. |
| PubMed:Disruption of oxidative phosphorylation and synaptic Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity by pristanic acid in cerebellum of young rats. |
| PubMed:Arginine improves peroxisome functioning in cells from patients with a mild peroxisome biogenesis disorder. |
| PubMed:[Inborn errors of metabolism in adult neurology]. |
| PubMed:Plasma fatty acids in premature infants with hyperbilirubinemia: before-and-after nutrition support with fish oil emulsion. |
| PubMed:MRI characterisation of adult onset alpha-methylacyl-coA racemase deficiency diagnosed by exome sequencing. |
| PubMed:Specific combination of compound heterozygous mutations in 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (HSD17B4) defines a new subtype of D-bifunctional protein deficiency. |
| PubMed:[The diagnostic of peroxisomic diseases in children]. |
| PubMed:Experimental evidence that pristanic acid disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis in brain of young rats. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid metabolism in health and disease. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid and pristanic acid, branched-chain fatty acids associated with Refsum disease and other inherited peroxisomal disorders, mediate intracellular Ca2+ signaling through activation of free fatty acid receptor GPR40. |
| PubMed:Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endogenous substrates to pathology and clinical significance. |
| PubMed:Neurochemical evidence that pristanic acid impairs energy production and inhibits synaptic Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in brain of young rats. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid promotes oxidative stress in brain cortex of young rats: a possible pathophysiological mechanism for brain damage in peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Relapsing rhabdomyolysis due to peroxisomal alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:An adult onset case of alpha-methyl-acyl-CoA racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid--an overlooked bioactive fatty acid in dairy fat? |
| PubMed:Induction of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 by unsaturated fatty acids, retinoic acid, and carotenoids in preadipocytes obtained from bovine white adipose tissue1,2. |
| PubMed:The influence of the branched-chain fatty acids pristanic acid and Refsum disease-associated phytanic acid on mitochondrial functions and calcium regulation of hippocampal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. |
| PubMed:Phytol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. |
| PubMed:Rational diagnostic strategy for Zellweger syndrome spectrum patients. |
| PubMed:Relapsing encephalopathy in a patient with α-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:A novel Refsum-like disorder that maps to chromosome 20. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal acyl-CoA-oxidase deficiency: two new cases. |
| PubMed:Rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for routine analysis of plasma pristanic, phytanic, and very long chain fatty acid markers of peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Characterization of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. |
| PubMed:Relapsing encephalopathy in a patient with alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:Structural and mechanistic studies on the peroxisomal oxygenase phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase (PhyH). |
| PubMed:Peroxisomes, Refsum's disease and the alpha- and omega-oxidation of phytanic acid. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomes contain a specific phytanoyl-CoA/pristanoyl-CoA thioesterase acting as a novel auxiliary enzyme in alpha- and beta-oxidation of methyl-branched fatty acids in mouse. |
| PubMed:Cluster of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with an oil field waste site: a cross sectional study. |
| PubMed:Effect of SCP-x gene ablation on branched-chain fatty acid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Metabolism of phytol to phytanic acid in the mouse, and the role of PPARalpha in its regulation. |
| PubMed:Pitfall in metabolic screening in a patient with fatal peroxisomal beta-oxidation defect. |
| PubMed:Mutations in the gene encoding peroxisomal sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) cause leukencephalopathy with dystonia and motor neuropathy. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal multifunctional protein 2 is essential for lipid homeostasis in Sertoli cells and male fertility in mice. |
| PubMed:Differentiation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders using alternative precursors and acylcarnitine profiling in fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Effect of branched-chain fatty acid on lipid dynamics in mice lacking liver fatty acid binding protein gene. |
| PubMed:A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in mice both via PPARalpha-dependent and -independent pathways. |
| PubMed:Crystal structure of 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 from human peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid accumulation is associated with conduction delay and sudden cardiac death in sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x deficient mice. |
| PubMed:Tremor and deep white matter changes in alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:Hyperpipecolic acidaemia: a diagnostic tool for peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Identification of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the breakdown of phytol to phytanic acid. |
| PubMed:Molecular cloning and characterization of two mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-regulated peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterases. |
| PubMed:Sexually dimorphic metabolism of branched-chain lipids in C57BL/6J mice. |
| PubMed:Phytanic and pristanic acid are naturally occuring ligands. |
| PubMed:Biochemical markers predicting survival in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. |
| PubMed:Measurement of plasma pristanic, phytanic and very long chain fatty acids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Novel mutations in the PEX12 gene of patients with a peroxisome biogenesis disorder. |
| PubMed:Branched fatty acids in dairy and beef products markedly enhance alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro. |
| PubMed:Membrane differential filtration is safe and effective for the long-term treatment of Refsum syndrome--an update of treatment modalities and pathophysiological cognition. |
| PubMed:The chemical biology of branched-chain lipid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Liver disease caused by failure to racemize trihydroxycholestanoic acid: gene mutation and effect of bile acid therapy. |
| PubMed:Biochemical markers predicting survival in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. |
| PubMed:Branched chain fatty acids induce nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid, but not pristanic acid, mediates the positive effects of phytol derivatives on brown adipocyte differentiation. |
| PubMed:Stereochemistry of the peroxisomal branched-chain fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation systems in patients suffering from different peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:A new defect of peroxisomal function involving pristanic acid: a case report. |
| PubMed:Demonstration of dimethylnonanoyl-CoA thioesterase activity in rat liver peroxisomes followed by purification and molecular cloning of the thioesterase involved. |
| PubMed:Characterization of an acyl-coA thioesterase that functions as a major regulator of peroxisomal lipid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Human metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid. |
| PubMed:Fibroblast studies documenting a case of peroxisomal 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency: possible link between racemase deficiency and malabsorption and vitamin K deficiency. |
| PubMed:Clinical consequences of defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. |
| PubMed:Further insights into peroxisomal lipid breakdown via alpha- and beta-oxidation. |
| PubMed:Identification of pristanal dehydrogenase activity in peroxisomes: conclusive evidence that the complete phytanic acid alpha-oxidation pathway is localized in peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal lipid degradation via beta- and alpha-oxidation in mammals. |
| PubMed:Plasma analysis of di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid diastereoisomers in peroxisomal alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency. |
| PubMed:Subcellular localization and physiological role of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid and phytanic acid: naturally occurring ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. |
| PubMed:Mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting of 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase in humans. |
| PubMed:Lipid metabolism in peroxisomes: enzymology, functions and dysfunctions of the fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation systems in humans. |
| PubMed:Role and organization of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. |
| PubMed:Mutations in the gene encoding peroxisomal alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase cause adult-onset sensory motor neuropathy. |
| PubMed:Aberrant oxidation of the cholesterol side chain in bile acid synthesis of sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x knockout mice. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: identification of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase in rat liver and its localisation in peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:Molecular cloning and expression of human carnitine octanoyltransferase: evidence for its role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes. |
| PubMed:Human very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase: cloning, topography, and relevance to branched-chain fatty acid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Analysis of pristanic acid beta-oxidation intermediates in plasma from healthy controls and patients affected with peroxisomal disorders by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal bifunctional protein deficiency revisited: resolution of its true enzymatic and molecular basis. |
| PubMed:Studies on the oxidation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid in human fibroblasts by acylcarnitine analysis. |
| PubMed:The metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid in man: a review. |
| PubMed:Defective peroxisome biogenesis with a neuromuscular disorder resembling Werdnig-Hoffmann disease. |
| PubMed:New insights in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Implications for human peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Rapid stable isotope dilution analysis of very-long-chain fatty acids, pristanic acid and phytanic acid using gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed:2,6-Dimethylheptanoyl-CoA is a specific substrate for long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD): evidence for a major role of LCAD in branched-chain fatty acid oxidation. |
| PubMed:Identification of the newly discovered 58 kDa peroxisomal thiolase SCPx as the main thiolase involved in both pristanic acid and trihydroxycholestanoic acid oxidation: implications for peroxisomal beta-oxidation disorders. |
| PubMed:Involvement of microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid beta-oxidation in peroxisomal disorders: studies in cultured human fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Niemann-Pick disease type C and defective peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain substrates. |
| PubMed:Human long chain, very long chain and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are specific for the S-enantiomer of 2- methylpentadecanoyl-CoA. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal D-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: resolution of the enzyme defect and its molecular basis in bifunctional protein deficiency. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid and pristanic acid are oxidized by sequential peroxisomal and mitochondrial reactions in cultured fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in peroxisomal disorders: studies in cultured human fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: decarboxylation of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA to pristanic acid in human liver. |
| PubMed:A new peroxisomal beta-oxidation disorder in twin neonates: defective oxidation of both cerotic and pristanic acids. |
| PubMed:Resolution of the phytanic acid alpha-oxidation pathway: identification of pristanal as product of the decarboxylation of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA. |
| PubMed:Stable isotope studies of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: in vivo production of formic acid. |
| PubMed:Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) is a peroxisomal branched-chain beta-ketothiolase specifically reacting with 3-oxo-pristanoyl-CoA: a new, unique role for SCPx in branched-chain fatty acid metabolism in peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:Evidence that multifunctional protein 2, and not multifunctional protein 1, is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of pristanic acid. |
| PubMed:2-methylacyl racemase: a coupled assay based on the use of pristanoyl-CoA oxidase/peroxidase and reinvestigation of its subcellular distribution in rat and human liver. |
| PubMed:Formation of 2,3-pristenic acid and 3-hydroxypristanic acid from pristanic acid in human liver. |
| PubMed:Genetic heterogeneity in patients with a disorder of peroxisomal beta-oxidation: a complementation study based on pristanic acid beta-oxidation suggesting different enzyme defects. |
| PubMed:Complementation analysis of fibroblasts from peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation deficient patients shows high frequency of bifunctional enzyme deficiency plus intragenic complementation: unequivocal evidence for differential defects in the same enzyme protein. |
| PubMed:Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata-like phenotype in a newborn male with normal peroxisomal function. |
| PubMed:Biochemical findings in a series of Australian patients with isolated defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation. |
| PubMed:Studies on the degradation of [U-3H]-phytanic acid and [U-3H]-pristanic acid in cultured fibroblasts from children with peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Oxidation of pristanic acid in fibroblasts and its application to the diagnosis of peroxisomal beta-oxidation defects. |
| PubMed:Ataxia associated with increased plasma concentrations of pristanic acid, phytanic acid and C27 bile acids but normal fibroblast branched-chain fatty acid oxidation. |
| PubMed:Impaired peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in human skin fibroblasts with a mitochondrial acylcarnitine/carnitine translocase deficiency. |
| PubMed:Ketoconazole and other imidazole derivatives are potent inhibitors of peroxisomal phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. |
| PubMed:The role of peroxisomes in intermediary metabolism. |
| PubMed:Fatty acid beta-oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria: the first, unequivocal evidence for the involvement of carnitine in shuttling propionyl-CoA from peroxisomes to mitochondria. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid oxidation: topographical localization of phytanoyl-CoA ligase and transport of phytanic acid into human peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:Substrate specificity of rat liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase I: evidence against alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in rat liver mitochondria. |
| PubMed:Measurement of very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic and pristanic acid in plasma and cultured fibroblasts by gas chromatography. |
| PubMed:Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders using stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed:Activity measurements of acyl-CoA oxidases in human liver. |
| PubMed:Measurement of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in cultured human skin fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in rat liver mitochondria. |
| PubMed:2-Hydroxyphytanic acid oxidase activity in rat and human liver and its deficiency in the Zellweger syndrome. |
| PubMed:A new peroxisomal disorder with fetal and neonatal adrenal insufficiency. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids in rat liver. Evidence that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I prevents transport of branched chain fatty acids into mitochondria. |
| PubMed:Heterogeneity in di/trihydroxycholestanoic acidaemia. |
| PubMed:Beta-oxidation of fatty acids in cultured human skin fibroblasts devoid of the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. |
| PubMed:Clinical and biochemical characteristics of peroxisomal disorders: an update. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidase deficiency (Refsum disease) presenting in infancy. |
| PubMed:Intraorganellar localization of CoASH-independent phytanic acid oxidation in human liver peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:A new peroxisomal disease with impaired phytanic and pipecolic acid oxidation. |
| PubMed:Refsum disease: a defect in the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid in peroxisomes. |
| PubMed:Diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders by analysis of phytanic and pristanic acids in stored blood spots collected at neonatal screening. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. Differential subcellular localization in rat and human tissues and its inhibition by nycodenz. |
| PubMed:The CoA esters of 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids and of the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycoprostanic acids are oxidized by one single peroxisomal branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase in human liver and kidney. |
| PubMed:The deficient degradation of synthetic 2- and 3-methyl-branched fatty acids in fibroblasts from patients with peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:[Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy or infantile Refsum's disease in a case with generalized peroxisome defect?]. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in human cultured skin fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids in human skin fibroblasts. |
| PubMed:In vivo study of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in classic Refsum's disease and chondrodysplasia punctata. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: accumulation of 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and absence of 2-oxophytanic acid in plasma from patients with peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Characteristics and subcellular localization of pristanoyl-CoA synthetase in rat liver. |
| PubMed:Molecular analysis of disorders of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. |
| PubMed:Activation and oxidation of pristanic acid in rat liver: identification of a distinct, clofibrate non-inducible pristanoyl-CoA oxidase. |
| PubMed:Autopsy findings in two siblings with infantile Refsum disease. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid and phytanic acid in plasma from patients with peroxisomal disorders: stable isotope dilution analysis with electron capture negative ion mass fragmentography. |
| PubMed:Mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta oxidation of the branched chain fatty acid 2-methylpalmitate in rat liver. |
| PubMed:Identification and purification of a peroxisomal branched chain fatty acyl-CoA oxidase. |
| PubMed:Separation of phytanic and pristanic acid by high-pressure liquid chromatography: application of the method. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid does not accumulate in peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency: evidence for a distinct peroxisomal pristanyl-CoA oxidase. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid and phytanic acid in plasma from patients with a single peroxisomal enzyme deficiency. |
| PubMed:Identification of pristanoyl-CoA oxidase activity in human liver and its deficiency in the Zellweger syndrome. |
| PubMed:Defective oxidation of pristanic acid by fibroblasts from patients with disorders in propionic acid metabolism. |
| PubMed:Metabolism of branched chain fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid, pristanic acid, and very-long-chain fatty acid methyl esters measured simultaneously by capillary gas chromatography. |
| PubMed:Disposition and metabolism of pristane in rat. |
| PubMed:Accumulation of pristanic acid (2, 6, 10, 14 tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) in the plasma of patients with generalised peroxisomal dysfunction. |
| PubMed:Phytanic acid oxidase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts. Diagnostic usefulness and limitations. |
| PubMed:Application of open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography in an investigation of the stability of pristanic and phytanic acids towards alkaline treatment of their methyl or [-] menthyl esters. |
| PubMed:Metabolism of long-chain isoprenoid alcohols. Incorporation of phytol and dihydrophytol into the lipids of rat brain. |
| PubMed:Localization of the oxidative defect in phytanic acid degradation in patients with Refsum's disease. |
| PubMed:Separation of lipids containing phytanic acid by thin-layer chromatography. |
| PubMed:Isoprenoid acids in recent sediments. |
| PubMed:The occurrence of diastereomers of phytanic and pristanic acids and their determination by gas-liquid chromatography. |
| PubMed:Refsum's disease: nature of the enzyme defect. |
| PubMed:Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) and phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) content of human and animal tissues. |
| PubMed:Synthesis of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid (pristanic acid). |
| PubMed:Occurrence of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid in sheep fat. |
| PubMed:The isolation and identification of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid from butterfat. |
|
Component of butterfat and sheep perinephric fat
Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum. It is usually present in combination with phytanic acid. In humans, pristanic acid is obtained from two sources: either directly from the diet or as the alpha oxidation product of phytanic acid. At physiological concentrations pristanic acid is a natural ligand for PPARalpha. In liver, pristanic acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta oxidation to propionyl-CoA. Together with phytanic acid, pristanic acid accumulates in several inherited disorders such as Zellweger syndrome.; Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the blood plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum. It is usually present in combination with phytanic acid. In humans, pristanic acid is obtained from two sources: either directly from the diet or as the alpha oxidation product of phytanic acid. At physiological concentrations pristanic acid is a natural ligand for PPAR?. In liver, pristanic acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta oxidation to propionyl-CoA. Together with phytanic acid, pristanic acid accumulates in several inherited disorders such as Zellweger syndrome.; Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum. It is usually present in combination with phytanic acid. In humans, pristanic acid is obtained from two sources: either directly from the diet or as the alpha oxidation product of phytanic acid. At physiological concentrations pristanic acid is a natural ligand for PPARalpha. In liver, pristanic acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta oxidation to propionyl-CoA. Together with phytanic acid, pristanic acid accumulates in several inherited disorders such as Zellweger syndrome.; Pristanic acid is a branched chain fatty acid that arises from the breakdown of phytanic acid. It is present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. Pristanic acid is normally degraded by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In patients affected with generalized peroxisomal disorders, degradation of both phytanic acid and pristanic acid is impaired owing to absence of functional peroxisomes. Pristanic acid has been found to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {alpha} (PPAR{alpha}) in a concentration dependent manner.
|
3D/inchi