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imazalil
1H-imidazole, 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-, (+-)-

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Name:1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole
CAS Number: 35554-44-0Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:252-615-0
FDA UNII: 6K0NOF3XQ6
Nikkaji Web:J21.235K
Beilstein Number:0545683
MDL:MFCD00055331
XlogP3:3.80 (est)
Molecular Weight:297.18278000
Formula:C14 H14 Cl2 N2 O
BioActivity Summary:listing
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:herbicides / pesticides
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
 
Physical Properties:
Appearance:yellow to brown solidified oil (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 52.70 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 347.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: 437.00 °F. TCC ( 225.10 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 3.820
Soluble in:
 water, 180 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)
 water, 6.97 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
None found
 
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Enilconazole >95%
Odor: characteristic
Use: Enilconazole Is An Agricultiral Fungicide, particularly in the growing of citrus fruits, also used as a topical antimycotic. Used in agriculture, particularly in the growing of citrus fruits.
Glentham Life Sciences
Imazalil
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Imazalil ≥95%
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
Imazalil PESTANAL®, analytical standard
 
Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-dog LD50 > 640 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA"
Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 309, 1981.

intraperitoneal-rat LD50 155 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): HAIR: OTHER
Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 309, 1981.

oral-rat LD50 227 mg/kg
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): HAIR: OTHER BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA
Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 309, 1981.

Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 4200 mg/kg
"Agrochemicals Handbook," with updates, Hartley, D., and H. Kidd, eds., Nottingham, Royal Soc of Chemistry, 1983-86Vol. A230, Pg. 1983

skin-rat LD50 4200 mg/kg
Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 482, 1991.

Inhalation Toxicity:
inhalation-rat LC50 16000 mg/m3/4H
Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 482, 1991.

 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
herbicides / pesticides
Recommendation for imazalil usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for imazalil flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Outcome of the consultation with Member States, the applicant and EFSA on the pesticide risk assessment of confirmatory data for the active substance imazalil
View page or View pdf

Retrospective analysis of the immunotoxic effects of plant protection products as reported in the Draft Assessment Reports for their peer review at EU level
View page or View pdf

Review of the existing maximum residue levels for imazalil according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005
View page or View pdf

Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for imazalil in various commodities
View page or View pdf

Updated review of the existing maximum residue levels for imazalil according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 following new toxicological information
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
EPA-Iris:IRIS
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards:search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :37175
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:3
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole
Chemidplus:0035554440
EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials
RTECS:35554-44-0
 
References:
 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):37175
Pubchem (sid):134999561
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
KEGG (GenomeNet):C18739
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB31794
FooDB:FDB008467
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 not found in nature
 
Synonyms:
(+ or -)-1-(beta-allyloxy-2,4-dichlorophenylethyl)imidazole
(+-)-1-(beta-(allyloxy)-2,4-dichlorophenethyl)-imidazole
 chloramizol
 deccozil S 75
1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyl oxy)ethyl)-1H-imidazole
1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-1H-imidazole
1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-prop-2-enoxyethyl]imidazole
(+ or -)-1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenylethyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-1H-imidazole
1-(2-(2,4-dichlorphenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)aethyl)-1H-imidazol
 enilconazole
 fungaflor
 fungazil
1H-imidazole, 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)- (9CI)
1H-imidazole, 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl)-, (+-)-
 

Articles:

PubMed:Direct Enantioseparation of Nitrogen-Heterocyclic Pesticides on Cellulose-Based Chiral Column by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.
PubMed:Mechanism of Inhibition of Estrogen Biosynthesis by Azole Fungicides.
PubMed:Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of imazalil, prochloraz and thiabendazole in apples, cherry tomatoes and grape juice.
PubMed:Novel Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer through Global Inverse Gene-Expression Profiling.
PubMed:Macroscopic and microscopic spatially-resolved analysis of food contaminants and constituents using laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.
PubMed:Drug resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from flocks of domestic geese in Poland.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of nine preservatives in fruits using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].
PubMed:Commercially available chemicals as immunizing haptens for the development of a polyclonal antibody recognizing carbendazim and other benzimidazole-type fungicides.
PubMed:Phenomenological study and application of the combined influence of iron concentration and irradiance on the photo-Fenton process to remove micropollutants.
PubMed:Effects of a fungicide (imazalil) and an insecticide (diazinon) on stream fungi and invertebrates associated with litter breakdown.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of azoles antifungal drugs in chicken tissues by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Patterns of presence and concentration of pesticides in fish and waters of the Júcar River (Eastern Spain).
PubMed:Assessment of selection and resistance risk for demethylation inhibitor fungicides in Aspergillus fumigatus in agriculture and medicine: a critical review.
PubMed:Effects of maternal exposure to imazalil on behavioral development in F₁-generation mice.
PubMed:Genomewide investigation into DNA elements and ABC transporters involved in imazalil resistance in Penicillium digitatum.
PubMed:Processing factor for a selected group of pesticides in a wine-making process: distribution of pesticides during grape processing.
PubMed:Evaluation of an analytical methodology using QuEChERS and GC-SQ/MS for the investigation of the level of pesticide residues in Brazilian melons.
PubMed:Probing the molecular interaction of triazole fungicides with human serum albumin by multispectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling.
PubMed:Canine and feline dermatophytosis due to Microsporum gypseum: a retrospective study of clinical data and therapy outcome with griseofulvin.
PubMed:Dermatophytosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.
PubMed:Successfully treated dermatomycosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
PubMed:Azole fungicides disturb intracellular Ca2+ in an additive manner in dopaminergic PC12 cells.
PubMed:Effects of mixtures of azole fungicides in postimplantation rat whole-embryo cultures.
PubMed:Molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Penicillium expansum.
PubMed:Finding of pesticides in fashionable fruit juices by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Direct peel monitoring of xenobiotics in fruit by direct analysis in real time coupled to a linear quadrupole ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer.
PubMed:Qualitative validation of a liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry screening method for organic pollutants in waters.
PubMed:Essential oils from clove affect growth of Penicillium species obtained from lemons.
PubMed:Residue levels, persistence and effectiveness of imazalil against a resistant strain of penicillium digitatum when applied in combination with heat and sodium bicarbonate.
PubMed:Quality changes of 'Sanguinello' oranges wrapped with different plastic films under simulated marketing conditions.
PubMed:The calcineurin-responsive transcription factor Crz1 is required for conidation, full virulence and DMI resistance in Penicillium digitatum.
PubMed:Competitive androgen receptor antagonism as a factor determining the predictability of cumulative antiandrogenic effects of widely used pesticides.
PubMed:An antidote for imazalil-induced genotoxicity in vitro: the lichen, Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körber) Hasse.
PubMed:The influence of fining agents on the removal of some pesticides from white wine of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Emir.
PubMed:Effect of DMI-resistance mechanisms on cross-resistance patterns, fitness parameters and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare.
PubMed:Determination of fungicide residues in baby food by liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:A case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a fennec fox (Vulpes zerda).
PubMed:Susceptibility testing of Aspergillus niger strains isolated from poultry to antifungal drugs--a comparative study of the disk diffusion, broth microdilution (M 38-A) and Etest methods.
PubMed:Protocol for an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectral product ion library: development and application for identification of 240 pesticides in foods.
PubMed:Role of aqueous Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) extract as a genoprotective agent on imazalil-induced genotoxicity in vitro.
PubMed:Application of gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry for target and non-target analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables.
PubMed:Total diet study on pesticide residues in France: levels in food as consumed and chronic dietary risk to consumers.
PubMed:Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides of four predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae attacking Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).
PubMed:Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons.
PubMed:Anti-genotoxic role of eicosapentaenoic acid against imazalil-induced DNA damage in vitro.
PubMed:Clotrimazole and enilconazole distribution within the frontal sinuses and nasal cavity of nine dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis.
PubMed:Inhibitory effects of azole-type fungicides on interleukin-17 gene expression via retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γ.
PubMed:Import risk analysis of fruit from Spain to Italy.
PubMed:[Malignant melanophoroma in a Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni). A case report].
PubMed:Carbendazim impends hepatic necrosis when combined with imazalil or cypermethrin.
PubMed:The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests.
PubMed:Laboratory tests on the impact of superabsorbent polymers on transformation and sorption of xenobiotics in soil taking 14C-imazalil as an example.
PubMed:Role of Peltigera rufescens (Weis) Humb. (a lichen) on imazalil-induced genotoxicity: analysis of micronucleus and chromosome aberrations in vitro.
PubMed:Combination of Kluyveromyces marxianus and sodium bicarbonate for controlling green mold of citrus fruit.
PubMed:Carbendazim combined with imazalil or cypermethrin potentiate DNA damage in hepatocytes of mice.
PubMed:Chemical and microbiological hazards associated with recycling of anaerobic digested residue intended for agricultural use.
PubMed:Potential of an in vitro toolbox combined with exposure data as a first step for the risk assessment of dietary chemical contaminants.
PubMed:Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor: a retrospective study of 16 cases.
PubMed:Development of competitive immunoassays to hydroxyl containing fungicide metabolites.
PubMed:PdCYP51B, a new putative sterol 14α-demethylase gene of Penicillium digitatum involved in resistance to imazalil and other fungicides inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
PubMed:Sorption of biocides, triazine and phenylurea herbicides, and UV-filters onto secondary sludge.
PubMed:Accounting for matrix effects of pesticide residue liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric determination by treatment of background mass spectra with chemometric tools.
PubMed:Evaluation of nitrogen retention and microbial populations in poultry litter treated with chemical, biological or adsorbent amendments.
PubMed:First description of onychomycosis caused by Chrysosporium keratinophilum in captive Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus).
PubMed:Widely used pesticides with previously unknown endocrine activity revealed as in vitro antiandrogens.
PubMed:Medical management of Trichophyton dermatophytosis using a novel treatment regimen in L'Hoest's monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti).
PubMed:Flow injection photoinduced chemiluminescence determination of imazalil in water samples.
PubMed:A matrix solid-phase dispersion method for the extraction of seven pesticides from mango and papaya.
PubMed:Inhibition of citrus fungal pathogens by using lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed:Potential for bioremediation of agro-industrial effluents with high loads of pesticides by selected fungi.
PubMed:Determination of natural resistance frequencies in Penicillium digitatum using a new air-sampling method and characterization of fludioxonil- and pyrimethanil-resistant isolates.
PubMed:Toxicologic evaluation of imazalil with particular reference to genotoxic and teratogenic potentials.
PubMed:Mixture effects of imidazole fungicides on cortisol and aldosterone secretion in human adrenocortical H295R cells.
PubMed:Antimycotic effectiveness against dermatophytes: comparison of two in vitro tests.
PubMed:Sodium bicarbonate induces crystalline wax generation, activates host-resistance, and increases imazalil level in rind wounds of oranges, improving the control of green mold during storage.
PubMed:Efficacy of intrasinusal administration of bifonazole cream alone or in combination with enilconazole irrigation in canine sino-nasal aspergillosis: 17 cases.
PubMed:Screening of agrochemicals in foodstuffs using low-temperature plasma (LTP) ambient ionization mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development of a novel concept for fate monitoring of biocides in liquid manure and manured soil taking 14C-imazalil as an example.
PubMed:Environmental and food analysis by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Electrospray ionization matrix effect as an uncertainty source in HPLC/ESI-MS pesticide residue analysis.
PubMed:Optimization of electrospray interface and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer parameters in pesticide liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis.
PubMed:Development, validation and application of a methodology based on solid-phase micro extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) for the determination of pesticide residues in mangoes.
PubMed:Profiling of compounds and degradation products from the postharvest treatment of pears and apples by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction of fungicides from orange juices.
PubMed:Postinfection activity, residue levels, and persistence of azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil applied alone or in combination with heat and imazalil for green mold control on inoculated oranges.
PubMed:Multi-residue analysis of 30 currently used pesticides in fine airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Transfer of pesticide residues to crops via cardboard boxes].
PubMed:Combating matrix effects in LC/ESI/MS: the extrapolative dilution approach.
PubMed:Synergistic antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and cupric sulfate against Penicillium digitatum.
PubMed:Eradication of feline dermatophytosis in a shelter: a field study.
PubMed:Exposure to pesticides residues from consumption of Italian blood oranges.
PubMed:Sporicidal activity of synthetic antifungal undecapeptides and control of Penicillium rot of apples.
PubMed:Use of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight MS to discover the presence of pesticide metabolites in food samples.
PubMed:Determination of pesticide residues in fruit-based soft drinks.
PubMed:Antifungal activity of tea tree oil from Melaleuca alternifolia against Trichophyton equinum: an in vivo assay.
PubMed:Successful treatment of a sinonasal cryptococcal granuloma in a horse.
PubMed:Effects of the azole fungicide Imazalil on the development of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Tunicata): morphological and molecular characterization of the induced phenotype.
PubMed:Immersion of lemons into imazalil mixtures heated at 50 degrees C alters the cuticle and promotes permeation of imazalil into rind wounds.
PubMed:A zoospore inhibition technique to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and unsuccessful treatment of experimentally infected green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) by fluconazole and benzalkonium chloride.
PubMed:Treatments with acetic acid followed by curing reduce postharvest decay on Citrus fruit.
PubMed:Host involvement in the improved decay control following NaHCO3 co-application with imazalil.
PubMed:Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for trace analysis of agrochemicals in food.
PubMed:CYP1A1 induction and CYP3A4 inhibition by the fungicide imazalil in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells-comparison with other conazole pesticides.
PubMed:In vitro activity of imazalil against Penicillium expansum: comparison of the CLSI M38-A broth microdilution method with traditional techniques.
PubMed:The chiral separation of triazole pesticides enantiomers by amylose-tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase.
PubMed:Sensitivity of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum to Postharvest Citrus Fungicides in California.
PubMed:[Dermal exposure to pesticides among women working in Polish greenhouses using cotton patches].
PubMed:Enilconazole treatment of horses with superficial Aspergillus spp. rhinitis.
PubMed:A lufenuron pre-treatment may enhance the effects of enilconazole or griseofulvin in feline dermatophytosis?
PubMed:Secretion of cortisol and aldosterone as a vulnerable target for adrenal endocrine disruption - screening of 30 selected chemicals in the human H295R cell model.
PubMed:Computational discovery of novel low micromolar human pregnane X receptor antagonists.
PubMed:Analysis of currently used pesticides in fine airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Exposure assessment of the Belgian population to pesticide residues through fruit and vegetable consumption.
PubMed:Evaluation of some parameters affecting troublesome pesticide analysis in gas chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Study of the gastrointestinal biotransformation of zearalenone in a Caco-2 cell culture system with liquid chromatographic methods.
PubMed:Cloning and functional characterization of BcatrA, a gene encoding an ABC transporter of the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea).
PubMed:Screening preharvest/postharvest strategies to prevent fruit rot decay.
PubMed:[Effectiveness of imazalil to control the effect of fungal deterioration on mummies at the Mexico City Museum "El Carmen"].
PubMed:Determination of postharvest fungicides in fruit juices by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Identification of unknown pesticides in fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Imazalil as a case study of quantification.
PubMed:Citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis, attenuates the frequency and severity of branchial arch abnormalities induced by triazole-derivative fluconazole in rat embryos cultured in vitro.
PubMed:Update on canine sinonasal aspergillosis.
PubMed:Application of a monoclonal-based immunoassay for the determination of imazalil in fruit juices.
PubMed:Analyses of pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Studies on degradation of imazalil enantiomers in soil using capillary electrophoresis.
PubMed:Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: collaborative study.
PubMed:Comprehensive multi-residue method for the target analysis of pesticides in crops using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Effect of fluorescent pseudomonades and Trichoderma sp. and their combination with two chemicals on Penicillium digitatum caused agent of citrus green mold.
PubMed:[Genotoxicity of three pesticides used in Costa Rican banana plantations].
PubMed:Long-term outcomes in dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis treated with intranasal infusions of enilconazole.
PubMed:Determination of imidazole and triazole fungicide residues in honeybees using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Correlation between digestion of the lipid phase of smedds and release of the anti-HIV drug UC 781 and the anti-mycotic drug enilconazole from smedds.
PubMed:Patch testing with components of water-based metalworking fluids: results of a multicentre study with a second series.
PubMed:In vitro screening of 200 pesticides for agonistic activity via mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARgamma and quantitative analysis of in vivo induction pathway.
PubMed:Inhibition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) P450 aromatase activities in brain and ovarian microsomes by various environmental substances.
PubMed:Feasibility of LC/TOFMS and elemental database searching as a spectral library for pesticides in food.
PubMed:Comparison of lanosterol-14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) of human and Candida albicans for inhibition by different antifungal azoles.
PubMed:Effects of in ovo exposure to imazalil and atrazine on sexual differentiation in chick gonads.
PubMed:Residues of the quinone outside inhibitor fungicide trifloxystrobin after postharvest dip treatments to control Penicillium spp. on citrus fruit.
PubMed:Toxic effects of two pesticides, Imazalil and Triadimefon, on the early development of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Chordata, Ascidiacea).
PubMed:Role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in terbinafine, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and ethidium bromide susceptibility in Trichophyton rubrum.
PubMed:Residue levels and effectiveness of pyrimethanil vs imazalil when using heated postharvest dip treatments for control of Penicillium decay on citrus fruit.
PubMed:Production of Trichoderma strains with pesticide-polyresistance by mutagenesis and protoplast fusion.
PubMed:Assessment of uncertainty in a probabilistic model of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in food.
PubMed:Surgical treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis by rhinotomy combined with enilconazole infusion and oral itraconazole.
PubMed:Combined clotrimazole irrigation and depot therapy for canine nasal aspergillosis.
PubMed:Water quality and macroinvertebrate community response following pesticide applications in a banana plantation, Limon, Costa Rica.
PubMed:Biological protection of the main cereals against fungal specific diseases.
PubMed:A new post-harvest fungicide to control fruit rot on apple and pear.
PubMed:Fungicide residues in pears, apples and grapes after post harvest treatments by thermonebulization.
PubMed:Fungicide residues in pears and apples after post harvest treatments by drencher.
PubMed:MgSlt2, a cellular integrity MAP kinase gene of the fungal wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola, is dispensable for penetration but essential for invasive growth.
PubMed:Identification of new human pregnane X receptor ligands among pesticides using a stable reporter cell system.
PubMed:Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel ABC transporter gene in the human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum.
PubMed:Evaluation of estrogenic activities of pesticides using an in vitro reporter gene assay.
PubMed:Dysmorphogenic effects of some fungicides derived from the imidazole on rat embryos cultured in vitro.
PubMed:Azole and fungicide resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates.
PubMed:Residue level, persistence, and storage performance of citrus fruit treated with fludioxonil.
PubMed:Discovering metabolites of post-harvest fungicides in citrus with liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Pesticide residues survey in citrus fruits.
PubMed:[Incidence, immunity and treatment of feline dermatophytosis].
PubMed:Evaluation of two fast and easy methods for pesticide residue analysis in fatty food matrixes.
PubMed:Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection.
PubMed:Isolation, identification and antifungal susceptibility of lemon pathogenic and non pathogenic fungi.
PubMed:Pesticide patch test series for the assessment of allergic contact dermatitis among banana plantation workers in panama.
PubMed:Comparative assessment of the inhibition of recombinant human CYP19 (aromatase) by azoles used in agriculture and as drugs for humans.
PubMed:[Canine onychomycosis produced by Microsporum gypseum. A case report].
PubMed:Determination of tridemorph and other fungicide residues in fruit samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Development of an in vitro, isolated, infected spore testing model for disinfectant testing of Microsporum canis isolates.
PubMed:Agonistic effect of imidazole and triazole fungicides on in vitro oocyte maturation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
PubMed:Treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: review of published studies.
PubMed:Structural characterization of imazalil/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.
PubMed:Seborrhoeic dermatitis in a goat due to Malassezia pachydermatis.
PubMed:Rapid simultaneous determination of o-phenylphenol, diphenyl, thiabendazole, imazalil and its major metabolite in citrus fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure photoionization.
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by GC/MS (SCAN mode) and HPLC].
PubMed:Comparison of the activity of antifungal hexapeptides and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil against postharvest fungal pathogens.
PubMed:Imazalil-cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin) inclusion complex: preparation by supercritical carbon dioxide and 13C CPMAS and 1H NMR characterization.
PubMed:Enantioseparation of imazalil residue in orange by capillary electrophoresis with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector.
PubMed:Multiresidue screening methods for the determination of pesticides in tomatoes.
PubMed:Allergic contact dermatitis from 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl]-1H-imidazole in a water-based metalworking fluid.
PubMed:Determination of seventeen polar/thermolabile pesticides in apples and apricots by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
PubMed:[Dermatomycoses in the cat].
PubMed:[Analysis of imazalil and its major metabolite in citrus fruits by GC-FTD].
PubMed:Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and "dispersive solid-phase extraction" for the determination of pesticide residues in produce.
PubMed:Use of computed tomography to predict the outcome of a noninvasive intranasal infusion in dogs with nasal aspergillosis.
PubMed:Microbial succession in the rhizosphere of live and decomposing barley roots as affected by the antagonistic strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54-BN14 or the fungicide imazalil.
PubMed:Antifungal agents of use in animal health--chemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects.
PubMed:Simple and rapid determination of thiabendazole, imazalil, and o-phenylphenol in citrus fruit using flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Intranasal infusion of enilconazole for treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs.
PubMed:Pesticide assessment of the banana sector in an Ecuadorian watershed.
PubMed:Complexation of imazalil with beta-cyclodextrin, residue uptake, persistence, and activity against penicillium decay in citrus fruit following postharvest dip treatments.
PubMed:[DNA damage in female workers exposed to pesticides in banana plantations at Limón, Costa Rica].
PubMed:Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells.
PubMed:[Multiresidue analysis of nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing pesticides in agricultural products using dual-column GC-NPD/FPD].
PubMed:Evaluation of the efficacy of oral lufenuron combined with topical enilconazole for the management of dermatophytosis in catteries.
PubMed:Molecular cloning and characterisation of three new ATP-binding cassette transporter genes from the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola.
PubMed:Estimation of concentrations of antifungal agents allowed as food additives in foods and their daily intake based on official inspection results in Japan in fiscal year 1998.
PubMed:Measurement of xylem translocation of weak electrolytes with the pressure chamber technique.
PubMed:Evaluation of topically applied enilconazole for the treatment of dermatophytosis in a Persian cattery.
PubMed:Quantitative analysis of the relative transcript levels of ABC transporter Atr genes in Aspergillus nidulans by real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay.
PubMed:Post-harvest biological control by Pantoea agglomerans (CPA-2) on Golden Delicious apples.
PubMed:Contact dermatitis caused by pesticides among banana plantation workers in Panama.
PubMed:[Effects of organonitrogen, carbamate pesticides and others on beta-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3)].
PubMed:Control of post-harvest decay of apples by pre-harvest and post-harvest application of ammonium molybdate.
PubMed:Biological control of postharvest pear diseases using a bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2.
PubMed:Analysis of post-harvest fungicides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
PubMed:Pesticide residues in oranges from Valencia (Spain).
PubMed:Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of post-harvest fungicides in citrus fruits.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of imazalil and its major metabolite in citrus fruit by solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection.
PubMed:Succession of indigenous Pseudomonas spp. and actinomycetes on barley roots affected by the antagonistic strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 and the fungicide imazalil.
PubMed:Evaluation of application methods for control of Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of in ovo injected broiler eggs.
PubMed:Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the fungicide imazalil in citrus fruits.
PubMed:Characterization of the ABC transporter genes MgAtr1 and MgAtr2 from the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola.
PubMed:Action against Vibrio cholerae O1 Tox+ of chemical products used in the lemon production.
PubMed:Tagging of genes involved in multidrug resistance in Aspergillus nidulans.
PubMed:Screening of selected pesticides for inhibition of CYP19 aromatase activity in vitro.
PubMed:Screening of selected pesticides for oestrogen receptor activation in vitro.
PubMed:Investigation on fungicide residues in greenhouse-grown strawberries.
PubMed:Factors affecting imazalil and thiabendazole uptake and persistence in citrus fruits following dip treatments.
PubMed:Residue levels of ethoxyquin, imazalil, and iprodione in pears under cold-storage conditions.
PubMed:[Simultaneous analysis and detection of pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables by HPLC and GC].
PubMed:Cutaneous aspergillosis in a babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa)
PubMed:Application of ion-exchange cartridge clean-up in food analysis. I. Simultaneous determination of thiabendazole and imazalil in citrus fruit and banana using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
PubMed:Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis with a new non-invasive technique. Failure with enilconazole.
PubMed:[Approach to nasal aspergillosis].
PubMed:Induction and inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by imazalil, a food contaminant, in mouse small intestine and liver.
PubMed:Endoscopically placed tubes for administration of enilconazole for treatment of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.
PubMed:Bactericidal activity against Vibrio cholerae of chemical products used in lemon production in Tucumán, Argentina.
PubMed:Comparison of octadecylsilica and graphitized carbon black as materials for solid-phase extraction of fungicide and insecticide residues from fruit and vegetables.
PubMed:Trichophyton dermatophytosis--a disease easily confused with pemphigus erythematosus.
PubMed:Multidrug resistance in Aspergillus nidulans involves novel ATP-binding cassette transporters.
PubMed:Chromatographic analysis of imazalil and carbendazim in fruits. Method validation and residue monitoring program 1995.
PubMed:Acute hepatotoxic potential of imazalil fungicide in rats.
PubMed:Successful treatment of a fever associated with consistent pulmonary isolation of Scopulariopsis sp. in a mare.
PubMed:Determination of imazalil residues in lemons by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.
PubMed:Evaluation of topical therapies for the treatment of dermatophyte-infected hairs from dogs and cats.
PubMed:Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of imazalil administered to mice.
PubMed:Cytotoxic effects of postharvest fungicides, ortho-phenylphenol, thiabendazole and imazalil, on isolated rat hepatocytes.
PubMed:Successful treatment of guttural pouch mycosis with itraconazole and topical enilconazole in a horse.
PubMed:[Air sac mycosis: topical treatment using enilconazole administered via indwelling catheter].
PubMed:The effect of home processing on postharvest fungicide residues in citrus fruit: residues of imazalil, 2-phenylphenol and thiabendazole in 'home-made' marmalade, prepared from late Valencia oranges.
PubMed:[A severe Aspergillus flavus infection in slaughtering chicks and the effect of disinfection with enilconazole: a case study].
PubMed:Breakdown of thylakoid pigments by soluble proteins of developing chloroplasts.
PubMed:Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis with enilconazole.
PubMed:Intensification of glucose oxidase synthesis by multistage mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger. Scientific note.
PubMed:Use of azole compounds for the treatment of experimental aspergillosis in turkeys.
PubMed:[Analytical results of post-harvest pesticides in citrus fruits and fruits juices by GC-MS (SIM) and HPLC with fluorescent detector].
PubMed:The role of chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of airborne infection by fungal pathogens.
PubMed:Enilconazole as an adjunct to the treatment of four cases of canine nasal aspergillosis.
PubMed:The use of rat Leydig tumor (R2C) and human hepatoma (HEPG2) cells to evaluate potential inhibitors of rat and human steroid aromatase.
PubMed:On the terrestrial toxicity of the fungicide imazalil (enilconazole) to the earthworm species Eisenia foetida.
PubMed:Experimental aspergillosis.
PubMed:Dermatophytosis in small animals: topical treatment and environmental control with enilconazole.
PubMed:[Therapeutic use of enilconazole in broiler chicks with aspergillosis].
PubMed:Biochemical approaches to selective antifungal activity. Focus on azole antifungals.
PubMed:Gerbil adrenal 11 beta- and 19-hydroxylating activities respond similarly to inhibitory or stimulatory agents: two activities of a single enzyme.
PubMed:Treatment of nasal aspergillosis in the dog.
PubMed:In vitro activity of enilconazole against Aspergillus spp. and its fungicidal efficacy in a smoke generator against Aspergillus fumigatus.
PubMed:[Isolation of imazalil and prochloraz resistant Penicillium variable strains from a commercial citrus warehouse].
PubMed:Ovine placental aromatase: studies of activity levels, kinetic characteristics and effects of aromatase inhibitors.
PubMed:Imidazole antimycotics: selective inhibitors of steroid aromatization and progesterone hydroxylation.
PubMed:Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis with systemic ketoconazole and topical enilconazole.
PubMed:Studies with a plant fungicide, imazalil, with vapor-phase activity, in the therapy of human alternariosis.
PubMed:Treatment with enilconazole spray of dermatophytosis in rabbit farms.
PubMed:Residues analysis of post-harvest imidazole fungicides in citrus fruit by HPLC and GLC.
PubMed:In vitro adsorption-desorption of phenethylamines and phenylimidazoles by a bentonite and a resin.
PubMed:Use of fungicides in plant tissue culture.
PubMed:[Therapy of dermatomycoses in the horse].
PubMed:Contact sensitivity to enilconazole.
PubMed:Antifungal activity of enilconazole on experimental Aspergillosis in chickens.
PubMed:[Activity of repeated administration of enilconazole (R 23 979) against Trichophyton verrucosum in cattle. A clinical trial (author's transl)].
PubMed:A modification of imazalil residue analysis in treated grapefruit.
PubMed:Vapour phase activity of imazalil.
PubMed:The biological and toxicological properties of imazalil.
PubMed:Mode of action of the azasteroid antibiotic 15-aza-24 methylene-d-homocholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol in Ustilago maydis.
PubMed:High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of imazalil residues in citrus fruit.
PubMed:[Effect of imazalil (1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl)-1H-imidazole) on biosynthesis of ergosterol in Penicillium expansum Link].
 
Notes:
Agricultural fungicide Enilconazole is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, particularly in the growing of citrus fruits. It is also called Imazalil, Chloramizole, Freshgard, Fungaflor, and Nuzone.
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