EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

lactulose
4-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-b-D-fructofuranose

Supplier Sponsors

Name:(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
CAS Number: 4618-18-2Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other(deleted CASRN):29319-45-7
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:225-027-7
FDA UNII: 9U7D5QH5AE
Nikkaji Web:J3.412F
Beilstein Number:0093773
MDL:MFCD00151469
XlogP3:-4.30 (est)
Molecular Weight:342.29854000
Formula:C12 H22 O11
BioActivity Summary:listing
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:food additive and cosmetic agents
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar:Search
Google Books:Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Google Patents:Search
US Patents:Search
EU Patents:Search
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
 
Physical Properties:
Appearance:white powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 169.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 680.54 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 690.00 °F. TCC ( 365.40 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -2.885 (est)
Soluble in:
 water, 7.64E+05 mg/L @ 30 °C (exp)
 water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng:cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: humectants
skin conditioning
 
Suppliers:
Alfa Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Lactulose 98%
Anhui Haibei
Lactulose
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Lactulose
ExtraSynthese
For experimental / research use only.
Lactulose
Glentham Life Sciences
Lactulose, 98%
Glentham Life Sciences
Lactulose, Ph. Eur. grade
Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma
For experimental / research use only.
Lactulose ≥95%
 
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-dog LD > 12000 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 15800 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

intravenous-mouse LD50 9960 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

oral-mouse LD50 31000 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA"
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

oral-rabbit LDLo 24000 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

intraperitoneal-rat LD50 16000 mg/kg
Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. Vol. 115, Pg. 596, 1976.

intravenous-rat LD50 13500 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

oral-rat LD50 18160 mg/kg
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. Vol. 96, Pg. 301, 1990.

Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 29600 mg/kg
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): "DERMATITIS, OTHER: AFTER SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE" LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

subcutaneous-rat LD50 33500 mg/kg
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): "DERMATITIS, OTHER: AFTER SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE" LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. Vol. 7, Pg. 3517, 1973.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
food additive and cosmetic agents
Recommendation for lactulose usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for lactulose flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
EPI System: View
ClinicalTrials.gov:search
Daily Med:search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):4618-18-2
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :11333
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:2
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Chemidplus:0000576089
RTECS:LS6965000 for cas# 4618-18-2
 
References:
 (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:4618-18-2
Pubchem (cid):11333
Pubchem (sid):134976718
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
Metabolomics Database:Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):C07064
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB00740
FooDB:FDB022215
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:View
MedlinePlusSupp:View
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
EFSA Update of results on the monitoring of furan levels in food:Read Report
EFSA Previous report: Results on the monitoring of furan levels in food:Read Report
EFSA Report of the CONTAM Panel on provisional findings on furan in food:Read Report
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 found in nature
 
Synonyms:
 bifiteral
 cephulac
 cephulac syrup
 chronulac
 constulose
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
 enulose
4-D-galactopyranosyl-4-D-fructofuranose
4-O-b-D-galactopyranosyl-b-D-fructofuranose
4-b-d-galactosido-d-fructose
4-O-b-D-galactosyl-D-fructose
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
 lactulosum
 

Articles:

PubMed:In vitro characterization of the impact of different substrates on metabolite production, energy extraction and composition of gut microbiota from lean and obese subjects.
PubMed:Aspirin-induced increase in intestinal paracellular permeability does not affect the levels of LPS in venous blood of healthy women.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation of lactulose by human gut bacteria.
PubMed:Assessment of the capability of a gelling complex made of tara gum and the exopolysaccharides produced by the microorganism Streptococcus thermophilus ST10 to prospectively restore the gut physiological barrier: a pilot study.
PubMed:Structural differences of prebiotic oligosaccharides influence their capability to enhance iron absorption in deficient rats.
PubMed:Galacto-oligosaccharides and lactulose as protectants against desiccation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulcaricus.
PubMed:Continuous synthesis of lactulose in an enzymatic membrane reactor reduces lactulose secondary hydrolysis.
PubMed:Serotonergic reinforcement of intestinal barrier function is impaired in irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Adsorption-based immobilization of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus cellobiose 2-epimerase on Bacillus subtilis spores.
PubMed:Lactose electroisomerization into lactulose: effect of the electrode material, active membrane surface area-to-electrode surface area ratio, and interelectrode-membrane distance.
PubMed:Lactulose and Lactobacillus plantarum, a potential complementary synbiotic to control postweaning colibacillosis in piglets.
PubMed:Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.
PubMed:Chlorogenic acid decreases intestinal permeability and increases expression of intestinal tight junction proteins in weaned rats challenged with LPS.
PubMed:Assessment of heat treatment of various types of milk.
PubMed:Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of oligosaccharides derived from lactulose in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid model of rat colitis.
PubMed:Synthesis of novel bioactive lactose-derived oligosaccharides by microbial glycoside hydrolases.
PubMed:Impact of high-intensity ultrasound on the formation of lactulose and Maillard reaction glycoconjugates.
PubMed:Analysis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of oligosaccharides derived from lactose.
PubMed:Management of hepatic encephalopathy in the hospital.
PubMed:Fructose malabsorption in children with functional digestive disorders.
PubMed:Nutrition Status and Intestinal Permeability in Patients Eligible for Liver Transplantation.
PubMed:Reducing effect of calcium in combination with magnesium and lactulose on body fat mass in middle-aged Japanese women.
PubMed:Effect of prebiotic carbohydrates on growth, bile survival and cholesterol uptake abilities of dairy-related bacteria.
PubMed:Differential trafficking of saccharidic probes following aspirin in clinical tests of intestinal permeability in young healthy women.
PubMed:Using a simplex centroid to study the effects of pH, temperature and lactulose on the viability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in a model system.
PubMed:Dietary sorbitol and mannitol: food content and distinct absorption patterns between healthy individuals and patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability in children with food allergy on specific elimination diets.
PubMed:Galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose exert a selective stimulation on the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis in the large intestine of growing rats.
PubMed:Acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral safety studies of ALIBIRD in rats.
PubMed:Mucosal permeability testing: response.
PubMed:Enzymatic production of lactulose and 1-lactulose: current state and perspectives.
PubMed:Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits.
PubMed:A combined nutrient and lactulose challenge test allows symptom-based clustering of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Coupling reactions of trehalose synthase from Pyrococcus horikoshii: cost-effective synthesis and anti-adhesive activity of α-galactosyl oligosaccharides using a one-pot three-enzyme system with trehalose.
PubMed:Optimisation of synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides) with β-galactosidases of different origin.
PubMed:Sucrose produces withdrawal and dopamine-sensitive reinforcing effects in planarians.
PubMed:For the assessment of intestinal permeability, size matters.
PubMed:Pyranose Dehydrogenase from Agaricus campestris and Agaricus xanthoderma: Characterization and Applications in Carbohydrate Conversions.
PubMed:In vitro comparative evaluation of the impact of lacto-N-biose I, a major building block of human milk oligosaccharides, on the fecal microbiota of infants.
PubMed:Inulin-enriched pasta improves intestinal permeability and modifies the circulating levels of zonulin and glucagon-like peptide 2 in healthy young volunteers.
PubMed:Production of 1-lactulose and lactulose using commercial β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis in the presence of fructose.
PubMed:Batch and continuous synthesis of lactulose from whey lactose by immobilized β-galactosidase.
PubMed:Techniques of functional and motility test: how to perform and interpret intestinal permeability.
PubMed:Synthesis of prebiotic carbohydrates derived from cheese whey permeate by a combined process of isomerisation and transgalactosylation.
PubMed:Efficient synthesis and characterization of lactulosucrose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F dextransucrase.
PubMed:Enzymatic synthesis and identification of oligosaccharides obtained by transgalactosylation of lactose in the presence of fructose using β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis.
PubMed:Novel multi-sugar assay for site-specific gastrointestinal permeability analysis: a randomized controlled crossover trial.
PubMed:Polyethylene glycol versus dual sugar assay for gastrointestinal permeability analysis: is it time to choose?
PubMed:The effectiveness of selected feed and water additives for reducing Salmonella spp. of public health importance in broiler chickens: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression approach.
PubMed:Development of low-calorie guava preserves with prebiotics and evaluation of their effects on carcinogenesis biomarkers in rats.
PubMed:Effect of prebiotics on biomarkers of colorectal cancer in humans: a systematic review.
PubMed:Aggravation of exercise-induced intestinal injury by Ibuprofen in athletes.
PubMed:The effect of aspirin and smoking on urinary excretion profiles of lactulose and mannitol in young women: toward a dynamic, aspirin augmented, test of gut mucosal permeability.
PubMed:Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children.
PubMed:What improves minimal hepatic encephalopathy: probiotic yogurt, protein restriction or nonabsorbable disaccharides?
PubMed:Evaluation of oligosaccharide synthesis from lactose and lactulose using β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces isolated from artisanal cheeses.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability and nutritional status in developmental disorders.
PubMed:Effects of the prebiotics inulin and lactulose on intestinal immunology and hematology of preruminant calves.
PubMed:Prolonging the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum through the addition of prebiotics into the medium.
PubMed:Effect of prebiotic carbohydrates on the growth and tolerance of Lactobacillus.
PubMed:Expression, enzymatic characterization, and high-level production of glucose isomerase from Actinoplanes missouriensis CICIM B0118(A) in Escherichia coli.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation of lactulose-derived oligosaccharides by mixed fecal microbiota.
PubMed:[Pre-and probiotics effectiveness in intestine microbiocenosis correction in patients after hemicolectomy].
PubMed:Direct analysis of carbohydrates in animal plasma by ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and pulsed amperometric detection for use as a non-invasive diagnostic tool.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation by human gut bacteria of proteolytically digested caseinomacropeptide nonenzymatically glycosylated with prebiotic carbohydrates.
PubMed:Heating-induced bacteriological and biochemical modifications in human donor milk after holder pasteurisation.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation of alternansucrase raffinose-derived oligosaccharides by human gut bacteria.
PubMed:The effects of micronutrient-fortified complementary/replacement food on intestinal permeability and systemic markers of inflammation among maternally HIV-exposed and unexposed Zambian infants.
PubMed:Synbiotic effect of various prebiotics on in vitro activities of probiotic lactobacilli.
PubMed:Novel analytical approach to a multi-sugar whole gut permeability assay.
PubMed:Lactulose: production, purification and potential applications.
PubMed:Galactooligosaccharides derived from lactose and lactulose: influence of structure on Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium growth.
PubMed:Rifaximin treatment for reduction of risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy recurrence.
PubMed:[Influence food products enrichment pro- and prebiotics on microecology status of man].
PubMed:Analysis of the urinary glucose-[¹⁵N, ¹⁵N]-ureide content in the study of the lactose-[¹⁵N, ¹⁵N]-ureide metabolism in healthy humans.
PubMed:Effects of heating temperatures and addition of reconstituted milk on the heat indicators in milk.
PubMed:Spirulina enhances the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus E/N after freeze-drying in a protective medium of sucrose and lactulose.
PubMed:Dietary grape-seed procyanidins decreased postweaning diarrhea by modulating intestinal permeability and suppressing oxidative stress in rats.
PubMed:Complications and outcomes in chronic liver disease.
PubMed:Colonic diverticular disease.
PubMed:Lactulose in fat-free milk, rather than increased ghrelin and motilin level, might help for solving constipation: author update.
PubMed:Use of lactulose as prebiotic and its influence on the growth, acidification profile and viable counts of different probiotics in fermented skim milk.
PubMed:Lactulose biosynthesis by β-galactosidase from a newly isolated Arthrobacter sp.
PubMed:Pilot study: alterations of intestinal microbiota in obese humans are not associated with colonic inflammation or disturbances of barrier function.
PubMed:Intestinal mucosal permeability of severely underweight and nonmalnourished Bangladeshi children and effects of nutritional rehabilitation.
PubMed:In vitro colonic fermentation and glycemic response of different kinds of unripe banana flour.
PubMed:Effectiveness and tolerability of amidotrizoate for the treatment of constipation resistant to laxatives in advanced cancer patients.
PubMed:Optimization of medium composition for enhancing growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus PEN using response surface methodology.
PubMed:Dietary calcium decreases but short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increase colonic permeability in rats.
PubMed:Recent trends in fructooligosaccharides production.
PubMed:An integrated amperometric biosensor for the determination of lactose in milk and dairy products.
PubMed:Effects of inulin and lactulose on the intestinal morphology of calves.
PubMed:Sensometric calibration of sensory characteristics of commercially available milk products with instrumental data.
PubMed:Treatment options for hepatic encephalopathy.
PubMed:Constipation in people prescribed opioids.
PubMed:Constipation in adults.
PubMed:Continuous production of lactulose by immobilized thermostable beta-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus.
PubMed:In vitro bile-acid binding and fermentation of high, medium, and low molecular weight beta-glucan.
PubMed:Carbohydrate intolerance in patients with self-reported food hypersensitivity: comparison of lactulose and glucose.
PubMed:Liquid infant formulas: technological tools for limiting heat damage.
PubMed:Potential roles and clinical utility of prebiotics in newborns, infants, and children: proceedings from a global prebiotic summit meeting, New York City, June 27-28, 2008.
PubMed:In vitro fermentation of oat flours from typical and high beta-glucan oat lines.
PubMed:Bifidogenic effect and stimulation of short chain fatty acid production in human faecal slurry cultures by oligosaccharides derived from lactose and lactulose.
PubMed:A comparison of antibody testing, permeability testing, and zonulin levels with small-bowel biopsy in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet.
PubMed:Clinical trial: protective effect of a commercial fish protein hydrolysate against indomethacin (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury.
PubMed:Synbiotic effect of Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and prebiotics on the intestinal microflora and immune system of mice.
PubMed:The immunomodulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed preruminant calves.
PubMed:Bioavailability and metabolism of orange juice flavanones in humans: impact of a full-fat yogurt.
PubMed:Isomerization of lactose-derived oligosaccharides: a case study using sodium aluminate.
PubMed:The role of prebiotics and synbiotics in critically ill patients.
PubMed:[News from the cochrane library: mu opioid antagonists for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction].
PubMed:A method for collecting breath samples from individual chickens for analysis of 13CO(2), H(2), and CH(4).
PubMed:Identification and site-specific relative quantification of beta-lactoglobulin modifications in heated milk and dairy products.
PubMed:Effects of lactulose supplementation on the growth of bifidobacteria and biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides to isoflavone aglycones in soymilk.
PubMed:Construction, characterization and exemplificative application of bioluminescent Bifidobacterium longum biovar longum.
PubMed:Synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactulose and pectinex ultra SP-L.
PubMed:Effect of lactulose on biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones in soymilk by lactobacilli.
PubMed:Effect of enteral IGF-1 supplementation on feeding tolerance, growth, and gut permeability in enterally fed premature neonates.
PubMed:Enzymatic synthesis and identification of two trisaccharides produced from lactulose by transgalactosylation.
PubMed:Visceral hypersensitivity and intolerance symptoms in lactose malabsorption.
PubMed:Bacterial concepts in irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Digestion residues of typical and high-beta-glucan oat flours provide substrates for in vitro fermentation.
PubMed:Reference histology of veal calf genital and endocrine tissues - an update for screening on hormonal growth promoters.
PubMed:Effect of lactulose on calcium and magnesium absorption: a study using stable isotopes in adult men.
PubMed:Noninvasive measurement of transit time in short bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Extracirculatory effects of noise of various frequency spectra in humans--effect of pink and blue noise on gastric myoelectrical activity and gastrointestinal passage of nutrients.
PubMed:Purification of lactulose from mixtures with lactose using pressurized liquid extraction with ethanol-water at different temperatures.
PubMed:Effect of lactulose on growth performance and intestinal morphology of pre-ruminant calves using a milk replacer containing Enterococcus faecium.
PubMed:Term infants fed formula supplemented with selected blends of prebiotics grow normally and have soft stools similar to those reported for breast-fed infants.
PubMed:Colonic diverticular disease.
PubMed:Constipation in adults.
PubMed:Constipation in people prescribed opioids.
PubMed:Nonstarter lactobacilli isolated from soft and semihard Argentinean cheeses: genetic characterization and resistance to biological barriers.
PubMed:Human faecal microbiota develops the ability to degrade type 3 resistant starch during weaning.
PubMed:Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with liver cirrhosis: associations with nutritional status and health-related quality of life.
PubMed:Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells.
PubMed:Molecular monitoring of the fecal microbiota of healthy human subjects during administration of lactulose and Saccharomyces boulardii.
PubMed:Effect of pH and dose on the growth of gut bacteria on prebiotic carbohydrates in vitro.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability in patients with adverse reactions to food.
PubMed:Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilises small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes.
PubMed:Carbohydrate preference, acid tolerance and bile tolerance in five strains of Bifidobacterium.
PubMed:Short-chain fatty acid formation in the hindgut of rats fed oligosaccharides varying in monomeric composition, degree of polymerisation and solubility.
PubMed:Human gut microbiota does not ferment erythritol.
PubMed:Heat-induced and other chemical changes in commercial UHT milks.
PubMed:An oral load of the early glycation compound lactuloselysine fails to accumulate in the serum of uraemic patients.
PubMed:A pilot study of the use of epidermal growth factor in pediatric short bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability in long-term follow-up of patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet.
PubMed:Chemical indicators of heat treatment in fortified and special milks.
PubMed:Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics.
PubMed:Enzymatic production and complete nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of the sugar lactulose.
PubMed:Effect of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy.
PubMed:Ratio of maltose to maltulose and furosine as quality parameters for infant formula.
PubMed:Medical nutrition therapy as a potential complementary treatment for psoriasis--five case reports.
PubMed:Pseudoallergic reactions in chronic urticaria are associated with altered gastroduodenal permeability.
PubMed:Iron bioavailability from powdered and in-bottle-sterilized infant formulas in suckling and weanling rats.
PubMed:Specific response of a novel and abundant Lactobacillus amylovorus-like phylotype to dietary prebiotics in the guts of weaning piglets.
PubMed:Physiological effects of lactulose and inulin in the caecum of rats.
PubMed:Scintigraphic evaluation of a novel colon-targeted delivery system (CODES) in healthy volunteers.
PubMed:Transformation of lactulose trihydrate into anhydrous lactulose by fluidized bed drying and its characterization.
PubMed:A 14-day elemental diet is highly effective in normalizing the lactulose breath test.
PubMed:Intestinal barrier function and secretion in methotrexate-induced rat intestinal mucositis.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability is increased in bronchial asthma.
PubMed:From time temperature integrator kinetics to time temperature integrator tolerance levels: heat-treated milk.
PubMed:Effects of prefeeding a prebiotic on diarrhea and colonic cell proliferation in piglets fed lactulose.
PubMed:Weaning to hypoallergenic formula improves gut barrier function in breast-fed infants with atopic eczema.
PubMed:Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe parvoviral enteritis.
PubMed:Dietary fructo-oligosaccharides and lactulose inhibit intestinal colonisation but stimulate translocation of salmonella in rats.
PubMed:Effects of lactulose and lactitol on coliform bacteria and bacterial translocation in the caecum during 72-h starvation in rats.
PubMed:The effect of supplemental enteral glutamine on plasma levels, gut function, and outcome in severe burns: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.
PubMed:Influence of seasonal variation on kinetics of time temperature integrators for thermally processed milk.
PubMed:Laboratory tests for diagnosis of food allergy: advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives.
PubMed:Intestinal passive absorption of water-soluble compounds by sparrows: effect of molecular size and luminal nutrients.
PubMed:Effect of high pressure on isomerization and degradation of lactose in alkaline media.
PubMed:Kinetics of hydroxymethylfurfural, lactulose and furosine formation in milk with different fat content.
PubMed:Dietary potassium and laxatives as regulators of colonic potassium secretion in end-stage renal disease.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose in children with type 1 diabetes with the HLA-DQB1*02 allele.
PubMed:Hydrolyzed versus nonhydrolyzed protein diet in short bowel syndrome in children.
PubMed:Effects of lactulose on the intestinal microflora of periparturient sows and their piglets.
PubMed:Increased intestinal permeability correlates with gastrointestinal toxicity among formulations of the fluorouracil analogue tegafur in rats.
PubMed:Lactulose-induced diarrhoea in rats: effects on caecal development and activities of microbial enzymes.
PubMed:Poor intestinal permeability in mildly stunted Nepali children: associations with weaning practices and Giardia lamblia infection.
PubMed:Effect of skin pressure by clothing on small bowel transit time.
PubMed:Enzymatic reactions for the determination of sugars in food samples using the differential pH technique.
PubMed:Acute nutritional and intestinal changes after pelvic radiation.
PubMed:Influence of polymeric enteral nutrition supplemented with different doses of glutamine on gut permeability in critically ill patients.
PubMed:A comparative in vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides.
PubMed:The fluorescence of advanced Maillard products is a good indicator of lysine damage during the Maillard reaction.
PubMed:Feeding mode, intestinal permeability, and neopterin excretion: a longitudinal study in infants of HIV-infected South African women.
PubMed:Effect of acute copper exposure on gastrointestinal permeability in healthy volunteers.
PubMed:Sub chronic toxicity studies of lactulose in rats.
PubMed:Formation kinetics of hydroxymethylfurfural, lactulose and furosine in milk heated under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
PubMed:Occurrence of galactosyl isomaltol and galactosyl beta-pyranone in commercial drinking milk.
PubMed:[Intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease and effects of elemental dietary therapy].
PubMed:The prevalence of constipation in institutionalized people with intellectual disability.
PubMed:Does processing of a powder or in-bottle-sterilized liquid infant formula affect calcium bioavailability?
PubMed:Dietary modulation of bacterial fermentative capacity by edible seaweeds in rats.
PubMed:Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability.
PubMed:Immunodetection of lactosylated proteins as a useful tool to determine heat treatment in milk samples.
PubMed:Use of an orally administered combined sugar solution to evaluate intestinal absorption and permeability in cats.
PubMed:Effect of Lactobacillus ingestion on the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier alterations induced by indometacin in humans.
PubMed:Subclinical mastitis as a risk factor for mother-infant HIV transmission.
PubMed:A six-year old suffering from constipation.
PubMed:Mutagenicity of heated sugar-casein systems: effect of the Maillard reaction.
PubMed:Effects of oral casokefamide on plasma levels, tolerance, and intestinal transit in man.
PubMed:Assessment of protein quality of infant milk food formula supplemented with lactulose.
PubMed:Effect of casein-derived peptides on D-xylose absorption assessed by H2 breath test in normal volunteers.
PubMed:[Study on the relative absorption of food carbohydrate in healthy adults].
PubMed:A computer-controlled system to simulate conditions of the large intestine with peristaltic mixing, water absorption and absorption of fermentation products.
PubMed:Convenient synthesis of lactuloselysine and its use for LC-MS analysis in milk-like model systems.
PubMed:Investigation of small-intestinal transit time in normal and malnourished children.
PubMed:A new selective medium for Bifidobacterium spp.
PubMed:Nutritional support in alcoholic cirrhotic patients improves host defenses.
PubMed:Cold milk accelerates oro-cecal transit time during the luteal phase but not the follicular phase in women.
PubMed:Effects on parameters of glucose homeostasis in healthy humans from ingestion of leguminous versus maize starches.
PubMed:Nucleotides and intestine.
PubMed:Lactulose stimulates calcium absorption in postmenopausal women.
PubMed:Food deprivation and refeeding influence growth, nutrient retention and functional recovery of rats.
PubMed:Low-salt water reduces intestinal permeability in atopic patients.
PubMed:[Determination of food oral-colon transit time with breath hydrogen test].
PubMed:Rarity of colon cancer in Africans is associated with low animal product consumption, not fiber.
PubMed:Using a cutoff of <10 ppm for breath hydrogen testing: a review of five years' experience.
PubMed:The effect of lactose derivatives on intestinal lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed:Influence of Three Contrasting Detrital Carbon Sources on Planktonic Bacterial Metabolism in a Mesotrophic Lake.
PubMed:[Intestinal permeability in patients with food allergy].
PubMed:Effect of indinavir on HIV-related wasting.
PubMed:Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:Early feeding, antenatal glucocorticoids, and human milk decrease intestinal permeability in preterm infants.
PubMed:Fructans of chicory: intestinal transport and fermentation of different chain lengths and relation to fructose and sorbitol malabsorption.
PubMed:Effect of capsaicin-containing red pepper sauce suspension on upper gastrointestinal motility in healthy volunteers.
PubMed:Reducing parenteral requirement in children with short bowel syndrome: impact of an amino acid-based complete infant formula.
PubMed:Clinical economics review: nutritional support.
PubMed:Dietary management of acute diarrhoea in children: effect of fermented and amylase-digested weaning foods on intestinal permeability.
PubMed:Effects of nucleosides and a nucleotide mixture on gut mucosal barrier function on parenteral nutrition in rats.
PubMed:Bifidobacterium longum and lactulose suppress azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats.
PubMed:Fecal hydrogen production and consumption measurements. Response to daily lactose ingestion by lactose maldigesters.
PubMed:[Use of lactulose in products of children's dietetic and therapeutic nutrition].
PubMed:Lactulose, lactic acid bacteria, intestinal microecology and mucosal protection.
PubMed:Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics and prebiotics.
PubMed:Metabolic effects of non-absorbable carbohydrates.
PubMed:[A clinical study of the use of a combination of glucomannan with lactulose in the constipation of pregnancy].
PubMed:Breath hydrogen and methane excretion produced by commercial beverages containing dietary fiber.
PubMed:Effect of bifidogenic factors on growth characteristics of bifidobacteria in infant formulas.
PubMed:Carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid medications for use in patients receiving ketogenic diets.
PubMed:Availability of calcium for absorption in the small intestine and colon from diets containing available and unavailable carbohydrates: an in vitro assessment.
PubMed:Effect of casein and casein hydrolysate on small bowel motility and D-xylose absorption in dogs.
PubMed:Modifications of Intestinal Permeability Test Induced by Biliopancreatic Diversion: Preliminary Results.
PubMed:Commercial utilization of minor milk components in the health and food industries.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability changes during the first month: effect of natural versus artificial feeding.
PubMed:[Primary prevention of colorectal cancer].
PubMed:Intestinal permeability testing in dogs with diet-responsive intestinal disease.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability: an overview.
PubMed:Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets.
PubMed:[Carbohydrate substitutes: comparative study of intestinal absorption of fructose, sorbitol and xylitol].
PubMed:Digestibility of carbohydrates from rice-, oat- and wheat-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in children.
PubMed:The intestinal permeability test applied to the diagnosis of food allergy in paediatrics.
PubMed:Lowering effects of a preparation containing fibres and lactulose on glucose and insulin levels in obesity.
PubMed:Current approaches to the management of constipation.
PubMed:Loperamide abolishes exercise-induced orocecal liquid transit acceleration.
PubMed:Proteolysis during storage of UHT milk: differences between whole and skim milk.
PubMed:Effect of a liquid diet with and without soluble fiber supplementation on intestinal transit and cholecystokinin release in volunteers.
PubMed:Effect of disodiumcromoglycate on intestinal permeability changes and clinical response during cow's milk challenge.
PubMed:Fate of beta-cyclodextrin in the human intestine.
PubMed:Effects of erythromycin on gastric emptying, alcohol absorption and small intestinal transit in normal subjects.
PubMed:Comparison between the lactulose/mannitol and 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/14C-mannitol methods for intestinal permeability. Frequency distribution pattern and variability of markers and marker ratios in healthy subjects.
PubMed:Orocaecal transit time in patients with Crohn disease.
PubMed:Human intestinal methanogens and lactulose administration.
PubMed:A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children.
PubMed:Elimination diet and intestinal permeability in atopic eczema: a preliminary study.
PubMed:Effect of feeding infant formula containing lactulose on intestinal flora in the infant.
PubMed:Total parenteral nutrition-induced changes in gut mucosal function: atrophy alone is not the issue.
PubMed:Carbohydrate binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies raised against lactose-protein Maillard adducts.
PubMed:[The association of pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease. Apropos of a new case in a child].
PubMed:Short-chain fatty acids do not alter jejunal motility in man.
PubMed:Gut hormones and gastrointestinal motility in children with cystic fibrosis.
PubMed:Persistent diarrhea and malnutrition--the impact of treatment on small bowel structure and permeability.
PubMed:Maillard reaction products and lysinoalanine: urinary excretion and the effects on kidney function of preterm infants fed heat-processed milk formula.
PubMed:Indomethacin-induced enteropathy: effect of the drug regimen on intestinal permeability in rats.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability in pediatric gastroenterology.
PubMed:Malabsorption of carbohydrate foods by urban blacks.
PubMed:Scintigraphic determination of gastrointestinal transit times. A comparison with breath hydrogen and radiologic methods.
PubMed:[Patients with liver cirrhosis: mouth-cecum transit time and gastric emptying of solid foods].
PubMed:Evaluation of the effect of a fiber-enriched formula on infant colic.
PubMed:Is rectosigmoid response to food modulated by proximal colon stimulation?
PubMed:Effects on bowel motility of misoprostol administered before and after meals.
PubMed:Digestive permeability to different-sized molecules and to sodium cromoglycate in food allergy.
PubMed:Evaluation of carbohydrate malassimilation and intestinal transit time in cats by measurement of breath hydrogen excretion.
PubMed:Rapid orocecal transit in chronically active persons with high energy intake.
PubMed:[Intestinal permeability disorders in children].
PubMed:Fermentable carbohydrate reaching the colon after ingestion of oats in humans.
PubMed:Intestinal permeability, atopic eczema and oral disodium cromoglycate.
PubMed:The effect of endotoxin and turpentine administration on intestinal permeability in the rat.
PubMed:Effects of lactulose and lactitol on protein digestion and metabolism in conventional and germ free animal models: relevance of the results to their use in the treatment of portosystemic encephalopathy.
PubMed:Manipulation of fecal pH by dietary means.
PubMed:Modifications of intestinal permeability during food provocation procedures in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome.
PubMed:[Infantile constipation and Allomin-lactulose. Treatment of infantile obstipation in infants fed with breast milk substitutes. A controlled clinical trial of 2 per cent and 4 per cent Allomin-lactulose].
PubMed:Orocecal transit during mild exercise in women.
PubMed:[Intestinal permeability in children with food allergy].
PubMed:Beta-carotene serum response in young and elderly females.
PubMed:Soy-based infant milk formulas and passive intestinal permeability.
PubMed:Food-induced alterations of intestinal permeability in children with cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy and atopic dermatitis.
PubMed:Apparent nutrient absorption and upper gastrointestinal transit with fiber-containing enteral feedings.
PubMed:Increased concentrations of liver cholesterol in rats fed lactulose.
PubMed:Effect of allergen ingestion challenge with and without cromoglycate cover on intestinal permeability in atopic dermatitis, urticaria and other symptoms of food allergy.
PubMed:Ketotifen treatment of atopic dermatitis and other food allergy diseases.
PubMed:Porcine intestinal ammonia liberation. Influence of food intake, lactulose and neomycin treatment.
PubMed:Orocoecal transit time in healthy and constipated children.
PubMed:Intestinal hypersensitivity reactions in the rat. I. Uptake of intact protein, permeability to sugars and their correlation with mucosal mast-cell activation.
PubMed:Effect of cholecystectomy on mouth-to-cecum transit of a liquid meal.
PubMed:The impact of milk and weaning diet on gastrointestinal permeability in English and Gambian infants.
PubMed:Ketotifen in prevention and therapy of food allergy.
PubMed:Measurement of intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose as a means of diagnosing food allergy and evaluating therapeutic effectiveness of disodium cromoglycate.
PubMed:Improvement of abnormal lactulose/rhamnose permeability in active Crohn's disease of the small bowel by an elemental diet.
PubMed:Gastrointestinal transit during mild exercise.
PubMed:Adaptation of hydrogen analysis to measure stomach to caecum transit time in the rat.
PubMed:Antibody response to haptenic sugar antigen: immunodominancy of protein-bound lactose formed by amino-carbonyl reaction.
PubMed:Effect of the lectin concanavalin A on the neonatal guinea pig gastrointestinal mucosa in vivo.
PubMed:Delayed postprandial plasma bile acid response in coeliac patients with slow mouth-caecum transit.
PubMed:H2 excretion after ingestion of complex carbohydrates.
PubMed:Carbohydrate malabsorption in black and Hispanic dialysis patients.
PubMed:Determination of lactulose and soya oligosaccharides in infant formula milk feeds.
PubMed:Protein losing enteropathy associated with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infestation and its impact on albumin homoeostasis in rats fed two levels of dietary protein.
PubMed:Increased intestinal permeability in atopic eczema.
PubMed:[Food allergy. Objective diagnosis and test of therapeutic efficacy by measuring intestinal permeability].
PubMed:Interpretation of the breath hydrogen profile obtained after ingesting a solid meal containing unabsorbable carbohydrate.
PubMed:Does guar gum improve post-prandial hyperglycaemia in humans by reducing small intestinal contact area?
PubMed:[Constipation in the aged. I. Significance, prevalence, causes and treatment].
PubMed:Effect of infusion of nutrient solutions into the ileum on gastrointestinal transit and plasma levels of neurotensin and enteroglucagon.
PubMed:Gastrointestinal permeability in food-allergic eczematous children.
PubMed:Assessment of the reproducibility of the lactulose H2 breath test as a measure of mouth to caecum transit time.
PubMed:Estimation of fecal nitrogen in patients with liver disease.
PubMed:Lactulose and other non-absorbable sugars in infant milk feeds.
PubMed:Is the transit time of a meal through the small intestine related to the rate at which it leaves the stomach?
PubMed:The influence of colonic pH on the hydrogen breath-analysis test.
PubMed:Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on symptoms and hydrogen excretion in the disaccharide tolerance test with lactose or lactulose.
PubMed:Effects of autohydrolyzed lignin and lactulose on gallbladder bile composition in hamsters.
PubMed:[Effect of Vitalact humanized milk varying in carbohydrate composition on the development of intestinal bifid flora in nursing infants].
PubMed:Comparison of bran, ispaghula, and lactulose on colon function in diverticular disease.
PubMed:The fda controversy.
PubMed:Lactulose in baby milks.
PubMed:Lactulose in baby milks causing diarrhoea simulating lactose intolerance.
PubMed:[The protective effect of human milk against infections and its potential causes (author's transl)].
PubMed:Metabolic epidemiology of dietary factors in large bowel cancer.
PubMed:Lysozymes in feces from infants and children.
PubMed:[Bacteriological considerations for the evaluation of infant nutrition (author's transl)].
 
Notes:
a synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. it has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (from martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887) A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887) [HMDB]
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