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diquat
dipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazinediium, 6,7-dihydro-

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Name:	6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-b:1',2'-e]pyrazine-5,8-diium
CAS Number:	2764-72-9	3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:	220-433-0
FDA UNII:	A9A615U4MP
Nikkaji Web:	J4.415F
XlogP3-AA:	1.40 (est)
Molecular Weight:	184.24164000
Formula:	C12 H12 N2
BioActivity Summary:	listing
NMR Predictor:	Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)

Category:herbicides / pesticides

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:

Google Scholar:	Search
Google Books:	Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"	Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"	Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"	Search
Google Patents:	Search
US Patents:	Search
EU Patents:	Search
Pubchem Patents:	Search
PubMed:	Search
NCBI:	Search

Physical Properties:

Appearance:	yellow crystalline solid (est)
Assay:	95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed:	No
Melting Point:	337.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point:	32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w):	-4.710 (est)
Soluble in:
	water, 70 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)
	water, 39.15 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Organoleptic Properties:

Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).

Cosmetic Information:

None found

Suppliers:

None found

Safety Information:


Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-chicken LD50 200 mg/kg Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 316, 1991. oral-dog LD50 100 mg/kg Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 316, 1991. oral-guinea pig LD50 100 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 27, Pg. 51, 1970. oral-man TDLo 857 mg/kg KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: URINE VOLUME DECREASED BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 37, Pg. 360, 1999. oral-mouse LD50 125 mg/kg Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 316, 1991. oral-rabbit LD50 101 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 27, Pg. 51, 1970. oral-rat LD50 231 mg/kg Pesticide Manual. Vol. 9, Pg. 316, 1991.
Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 > 400 mg/kg British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 27, Pg. 51, 1970.
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in Use Information:

Category:
herbicides / pesticides
Recommendation for diquat usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Recommendation for diquat flavor usage levels up to:
	not for flavor use.

Safety References:

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Reasoned opinion on the review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for diquat according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View

AIDS Citations:Search

Cancer Citations:Search

Toxicology Citations:Search

EPA GENetic TOXicology:Search

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry

Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :6795

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data

6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-b:1',2'-e]pyrazine-5,8-diium

Chemidplus:0002764729

EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials

References:

	6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-b:1',2'-e]pyrazine-5,8-diium
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):	6795
Pubchem (sid):	134982433

Other Information:

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:	View
CHEMBL:	View
KEGG (GenomeNet):	C18577
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	Search
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View
Formulations/Preparations: •usepaopp pesticide code 032201; trade names: reglone, weedkiller conc.d., aquacide, dextrone, fb 2, reglox, weedtrine d. •soluble concentrate; ready-to-use liquid •2 lbgal (us); 200 gl (outside us) •mixtures (diquat dibromide +) paraquat dibromide; paraquat dichloride + simazine; simazine + tca; amitrole + paraquat dichloride + simazine •formulations for commercial use contain corrosion inhibitors. surfactants increase herbicidal activity ... •aq concentrates 140 g diquatl, 240 g diquatl. weedol, water soluble granules 2.5% diquat plus 2.5% paraquat. pathclear similar to weedol with the addition of 5% simazine. •reglox; weedtrine-d •deiquat •dextrone •diquat •ortho-diquat •pp 100

Potential Blenders and core components note

None Found

Potential Uses:

None Found

Occurrence (nature, food, other):note

not found in nature

Synonyms:

9,10-	dihydro-8a,10a-diazoniaphenanthrene
9,10-	dihydro-8a,10a-diazoniaphenanthrene ion
6,7-	dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazine diylium
6,7-	dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazine-5,8-di-ium
6,7-	dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazinediium
6,7-	dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazinediylium
6,7-	dihydrodipyrido[1,2-b:1',2'-e]pyrazine-5,8-diium
	dipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazinediium, 6,7-dihydro-
	dipyrido(1,2-a:2',1'-c)pyrazinediium, 6,7-dihydro- (8CI)(9CI)

Articles:

PubMed:Cloud point sample clean-up and capillary zone electrophoresis with field enhanced sample injection and micelle to solvent stacking for the analysis of herbicides in milk.

PubMed:Rapid detection of pesticides not amenable to multi-residue methods by flow injection-tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed:Development and independent laboratory validation of a simple method for the determination of paraquat and diquat in potato, cereals and pulses.

PubMed:Rapid fluorescence determination of diquat herbicide in food grains using quantum dots as new reducing agent.

PubMed:Wheat bran protects Fischer-344 rats from diquat-induced oxidative stress by activating antioxidant system: selenium as an antioxidant.

PubMed:Modelling effects of diquat under realistic exposure patterns in genetically differentiated populations of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis.

PubMed:Competitive and non-competitive adsorption/desorption of paraquat, diquat and difenzoquat in vineyard-devoted soils.

PubMed:Protective effects of Forsythia suspensa extract against oxidative stress induced by diquat in rats.

PubMed:Effect of organic matter and iron oxides on quaternary herbicide sorption-desorption in vineyard-devoted soils.

PubMed:Quaternary herbicides retention by the amendment of acid soils with a bentonite-based waste from wineries.

PubMed:Supercritical fluid extraction as an on-line clean-up technique for rapid amperometric screening and alternative liquid chromatography for confirmation of paraquat and diquat in olive oil samples.

PubMed:Determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides in soils. Comparison of digestion, shaking and microwave-assisted extractions.

PubMed:Occurrence and downslope mobilization of quaternary herbicide residues in vineyard-devoted soils.

PubMed:Influence of copper on the adsorption and desorption of paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat in vineyard acid soils.

PubMed:Simultaneous determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water.

PubMed:Pathways involved in mild gastrointestinal inflammation induced by a low level exposure to a food contaminant.

PubMed:Diquat poisoning of dairy cattle by topical application.

PubMed:Chronic low-level administration of diquat increases the nociceptive response to gastric distension in rats: role of mast cells and tachykinin receptor activation.

PubMed:Chronic ingestion of a potential food contaminant induces gastrointestinal inflammation in rats: role of nitric oxide and mast cells.

PubMed:Adsorption and Interactions of Methyl Green with Montmorillonite and Sepiolite.

PubMed:Selective kinetic determination of paraquat using long-wavelength fluorescence detection.

PubMed:Determination of paraquat and diquat in low-moisture food crops using silica column cleanup and liquid chromatography with UV detection.

PubMed:Liquid chromatographic determination of paraquat and diquat in crops using a silica column with aqueous ionic mobile phase.

PubMed:Extraction of diquat with 1-butanol from biological materials.

PubMed:Gas chromatographic determination of diquat and paraquat in crops.

PubMed:Reverse-phase liquid chromatographic determination of paraquat and diquat in agricultural products.

PubMed:Gas chromatographic determination of diquat residues in potato tubers.

PubMed:Diquat and endothall: their fates in the environment.

PubMed:Determination of diquat and paraquat residues in soil by gas chromatography.

PubMed:Chromatographic parameters of the bisquaternary herbicides, paraquat and diquat.

PubMed:[Quantitative determination of Diquat in biological material].

PubMed:Displacement of diquat from clay and its phytotoxicity.

PubMed:Residues in herbage and silage and feeding experiments following the use of diquat as a desiccant.

PubMed:Tissue and milk residues arising from the ingestion of single doses of diquat and paraquat by cattle.

Notes:

a contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (from merck index, 11th ed)

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