EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

dextro,laevo-homocysteine
DL-2-amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid

Supplier Sponsors

Name:2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid
CAS Number: 454-29-5Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:207-222-9
FDA UNII: S7IJP4A89K
Nikkaji Web:J1.203C
Beilstein Number:5493225
MDL:MFCD00004898
XlogP3:-3.40 (est)
Molecular Weight:135.18613000
Formula:C4 H9 N O2 S
BioActivity Summary:listing
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:information only not used for fragrances or flavors
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar:Search
Google Books:Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Google Patents:Search
US Patents:Search
EU Patents:Search
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
 
Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 299.70 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point:> 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.220 (est)
Soluble in:
 water, 1.136e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
None found
 
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
2-Amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid >90.0%
Carbosynth
For experimental / research use only.
DL-homoCysteine >90.0%(t)
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
DL-HomoCysteine analytical standard
TCI AMERICA
For experimental / research use only.
DL-HomoCysteine >90.0%(T)
sds
 
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 500 mg/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD277-689

intravenous-mouse LD50 770 mg/kg
Yakugaku Zasshi. Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 89, Pg. 1138, 1969.

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
information only not used for fragrances or flavors
Recommendation for dextro,laevo-homocysteine usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for dextro,laevo-homocysteine flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Safety and efficacy of guanidinoacetic acid for chickens for fattening, breeder hens and roosters, and pigs
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :778
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:3
2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid
Chemidplus:0000454295
RTECS:MT0175000 for cas# 454-29-5
 
References:
 2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):778
Pubchem (sid):134975488
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
Golm Metabolome Database:Search
Metabolomics Database:Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):C05330
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB00742
FooDB:FDB001491
YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database):YMDB00371
Export Tariff Code:2930.90.4950
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 spinach plant
Search Trop Picture
 
Synonyms:
2-amino-4-mercapto-butanoic acid
2-amino-4-mercapto-butyric acid
2-amino-4-mercapto-DL-butyric acid
2-amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid
2-Amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid
DL-2-amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid
2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid
 butanoic acid, 2-amino-4-mercapto-
 butyric acid, 2-amino-4-mercapto-
 butyric acid, 2-amino-4-mercapto-, DL- (9CI)
D,L-homocysteine
DL-homocysteine
 

Articles:

PubMed:Contribution of Weak S-H...O Hydrogen Bonds to the Side-Chain Motions in DL-Homocysteine on Cooling.
PubMed:[Homocysteine peroxidase activity in rat blood plasma: stoichiometry and enzymatic character of the reaction].
PubMed:Effects of DL-homocysteine thiolactone on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in the isolated rat heart: the role of different gasotransmitters.
PubMed:Homocysteine is a novel risk factor for suboptimal response of blood platelets to acetylsalicylic acid in coronary artery disease: a randomized multicenter study.
PubMed:Endoplasmic reticulum redox state is not perturbed by pharmacological or pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress in live pancreatic β-cells.
PubMed:Optimal conditions for the direct RP-HPLC determination of underivatized amino acids with online multiple detection.
PubMed:Anticonvulsive effect of folic acid in homocysteine thiolactone-induced seizures.
PubMed:Chronic homocysteine exposure upregulates endothelial adhesion molecules and mediates leukocyte: endothelial cell interactions under flow conditions.
PubMed:Cloning and characterisation of a cystathionine β/γ-lyase from two Oenococcus oeni oenological strains.
PubMed:Dietary intake of S-(alpha-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats.
PubMed:[Effect of thiolactone homocysteine loading on adenosine metabolism in rats: relationship with platelet hyper-reactivity, correction of this metabolism disorders by vitamin-microelement complex].
PubMed:Adult rats are more sensitive to the vascular effects induced by hyperhomocysteinemia than young rats.
PubMed:Nucleophilic reactivity of thiolate, hydroxide and phenolate ions towards a model O-arylated diazeniumdiolate prodrug in aqueous and cationic surfactant media.
PubMed:Hydrogen sulfide production from cysteine and homocysteine by periodontal and oral bacteria.
PubMed:Role of NMDA receptor in homocysteine-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase pathways in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells.
PubMed:Hyperhomocysteinemia induced by feeding rats diets rich in DL-homocysteine thiolactone promotes alterations on carotid reactivity independent of arterial structure.
PubMed:Dose- and Glucose-Dependent Effects of Amino Acids on Insulin Secretion from Isolated Mouse Islets and Clonal INS-1E Beta-Cells.
PubMed:Effects of C-reactive Protein and Homocysteine on Cytokine Production: Modulation by Pravastatin.
PubMed:HYPERHOMOCYSTEINAEMIA-INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN RATS.
PubMed:Two-dimensionally well-ordered multilayer structures in thin films of a brush polypeptide.
PubMed:Discovery of amide (peptide) bond synthetic activity in Acyl-CoA synthetase.
PubMed:[A study on health behavior in people at risk for a cerebrovascular accident].
PubMed:Homocysteine induces connective tissue growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
PubMed:Immobilization of Prussian Blue nanoparticles onto thiol SAM modified Au electrodes for electroanalytical or biosensor applications.
PubMed:[Renal tubular epithelocytic changes in hypercysteinemia and experimental chronic renal failure].
PubMed:Homocysteine thiolactone-induced hyperhomocysteinemia does not alter concentrations of cholesterol and SREBP-2 target gene mRNAS in rats.
PubMed:Inhibition of sulfur compounds and antioxidants on MMP-2 and -9 at the activity level found during neonatal hypoxia-reoxygenation.
PubMed:Hyperhomocysteinemia increases arterial permeability and stiffness in mice.
PubMed:Effect of L-arginine on asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) or homocysteine-accelerated endothelial cell aging.
PubMed:Inhibition of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase causes hyperhomocysteinemia in mice.
PubMed:Homocysteine at pathophysiologic concentrations activates human monocyte and induces cytokine expression and inhibits macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.
PubMed:Cleavage of disulfide-linked fetuin-bisphosphonate conjugates with three physiological thiols.
PubMed:Homocysteine, a risk factor for atherosclerosis, biphasically changes the endothelial production of kynurenic acid.
PubMed:Are STATS arginine-methylated?
PubMed:Sulfur-containing amino acids block stretch-dependent K+ channels and nitrergic responses in the murine colon.
PubMed:Dual effect of DL-homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine on brain synthesis of the glutamate receptor antagonist, kynurenic acid.
PubMed:Effect of NaCN on currents evoked by uremic retention solutes in dissociated mouse neurons.
PubMed:Homocysteine increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and transcription factor ATF4.
PubMed:Identification and characterization of two isoenzymes of methionine gamma-lyase from Entamoeba histolytica: a key enzyme of sulfur-amino acid degradation in an anaerobic parasitic protist that lacks forward and reverse trans-sulfuration pathways.
PubMed:Definitive identification of cysteine and glutathione complexes of bismuth by mass spectrometry: assessing the biochemical fate of bismuth pharmaceutical agents.
PubMed:Chemical and biomechanical characterization of hyperhomocysteinemic bone disease in an animal model.
PubMed:Organelle specific enzyme markers as indicators of methylmercury neurotoxicity and antidotal efficacy in mice.
PubMed:Kinetics and mechanism for reduction of the anticancer prodrug trans,trans,trans-[PtCl2(OH)2(c-C6H11NH2)(NH3)] (JM335) by thiols.
PubMed:lcd from Streptococcus anginosus encodes a C-S lyase with alpha,beta-elimination activity that degrades L-cysteine.
PubMed:A study of micturition inducing sites in the periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon.
PubMed:Fibrillin-2 defects impair elastic fiber assembly in a homocysteinemic chick model.
PubMed:Homocysteine upregulates vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells and enhances monocyte adhesion.
PubMed:Homocysteine impairs the nitric oxide synthase pathway: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine.
PubMed:Overexpression of cellular glutathione peroxidase rescues homocyst(e)ine-induced endothelial dysfunction.
PubMed:Homocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for vascular disease.
PubMed:Quantification of L-ascorbic acid and total ascorbic acid in fruits and spinach by capillary zone electrophoresis.
PubMed:[Effect of activities of vagi and sympathetic nervous system on heart rate variability].
PubMed:L-cysteine and sodium hydrosulphide inhibit spontaneous contractility in isolated pregnant rat uterine strips in vitro.
PubMed:Occurrence of transsulfuration in synthesis of L-homocysteine in an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8.
PubMed:The direct electrochemistry of myoglobin at a DL-homocysteine self-assembled gold electrode.
PubMed:Mechanisms for the formation of protein-bound homocysteine in human plasma.
PubMed:Biochemical characterization of cystine lyase from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica).
PubMed:Sulfur-containing amino acids decrease cisplatin cytotoxicity and uptake in renal tubule epithelial cell lines.
PubMed:Accelerated volatilization rates of selenium from different soils.
PubMed:A novel endogenous antimalarial: Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX alpha (heme) inhibits hematin polymerization to beta-hematin (malaria pigment) and kills malaria parasites.
PubMed:Determination of L-ascorbic acid and total ascorbic acid in vascular and nonvascular plants by capillary zone electrophoresis.
PubMed:Restoration of methylmercury inhibited adenosine triphosphatases during vitamin and monothiol therapy.
PubMed:Activation of H-ras oncogenes in male B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors induced by vinthionine or 2-chloroethyl-methyl sulfide.
PubMed:Physical properties of hemoglobin vesicles as red cell substitutes.
PubMed:Glycogen phosphorylase activity in the cerebral cortex of rats during development: effect of homocysteine-induced seizures.
PubMed:Tyrosinase inhibition due to interaction of homocyst(e)ine with copper: the mechanism for reversible hypopigmentation in homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.
PubMed:Vitamins and monothiols efficacy in the restoration of adenosine nucleotide degradation enzymes altered during methylmercury intoxication.
PubMed:Coagulation protein function. II. Influence of thiols upon acetaldehyde effects.
PubMed:Fluctuation of trace elements during methylmercury toxication and chelation therapy.
PubMed:The uptake and metabolism of cysteine by Giardia lamblia trophozoites.
PubMed:Liver distribution of 99mTc-DL-homocysteine in experimental hepatitis rats.
PubMed:Study of growth requirements other than cysteine of naturally occurring Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. auxotrophic for cysteine.
PubMed:Determination of total vitamin C in fruits by capillary zone electrophoresis.
PubMed:Acetylcholinesterase fluctuations in central nervous system of rat during methylmercury intoxication and chelation therapy.
PubMed:Conformational changes of the alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor affecting its cholesterol binding ability.
PubMed:Homocysteine-induced modulation of tissue plasminogen activator binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptor.
PubMed:Ameliorative capacities of vitamins and monothiols administered alone or in combinations in methylmercury mobilisation in nervous and non-nervous tissues of mice.
PubMed:Cerebral energy state of neonatal rats during seizures induced by homocysteine.
PubMed:Cerebral energy state of neonatal rats during seizures induced by homocysteine.
PubMed:Inhibition by thiols of copper(II)-induced oxidation of oxyhemoglobin.
PubMed:Synthesis and biological activity of novel folic acid analogues: pteroyl-S-alkylhomocysteine sulfoximines.
PubMed:S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in human myocardium.
PubMed:Homocysteine-induced alterations in extracellular amino acids in rat hippocampus.
PubMed:Therapeutic abilities of thiol compounds in the restoration of methylmercury-inhibited cholesterol and triglycerides of the rat's central nervous system.
PubMed:Inability of thiol compounds to restore CNS arylsulfatases inhibited by methyl mercury.
PubMed:Role of serum albumin as a carrier of 99mTc-complex to tumor tissue.
PubMed:Effect of dietary homocysteine on copper status in rats.
PubMed:Effects of radical scavengers on the development of experimental diabetes.
PubMed:Tumor accumulation mechanism of 99mTc-DL-homocysteine, a model compound for the development of tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticals.
PubMed:Dose and duration related methylmercury deposition, glycosidases inhibition, myelin degeneration and chelation therapy.
PubMed:Elucidation of the mechanism by which homocysteine potentiates the anti-vaccinia virus effects of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopent-4'-enyl)-adenine.
PubMed:Confirmation of a ping-pong mechanism for S-adenosyl-L-methionine:magnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase of etiolated wheat by an exchange reaction.
PubMed:Beta-DL-methylene-aspartate, an inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase, potently inhibits L-glutamate uptake into astrocytes.
PubMed:A therapeutic profile of metal chelators in the detoxication of methylmercury chloride inhibited acid and alkaline phosphatases in different areas of the central nervous system of rats.
PubMed:Intensification of tumor affinity of 99mTc-DL-homocysteine by cooperative use of SH-containing compounds.
PubMed:Chemical form of tumor-tropic 99mTc-DL-homocysteine.
PubMed:Chemical properties of technetium-99m-DL-homocysteine, a possible tumor-imaging agent.
PubMed:Mechanism of tumor transport of 99mTc-DL-homocysteine, a possible tumor-imaging agent.
PubMed:Na-Stimulated Transport of l-Methionine in Brevibacterium linens CNRZ 918.
PubMed:A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for the estimation of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid in tissues, biological fluids, and foods.
PubMed:Site-specific antibodies to human erythropoietin: immunoaffinity purification of urinary and recombinant hormone.
PubMed:Methylmercury chloride-induced and antagonist-reverted succinic dehydrogenase changes in the brain and trigeminal ganglia of the rat.
PubMed:Effect of N-acetyl-DL-homocysteine thiolactone and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on the restoration of alkaline phosphatase in the nervous system of rat during methylmercury toxication.
PubMed:Effect of L-homocysteine and derivatives on the high-affinity uptake of taurine and GABA into synaptosomes and cultured neurons and astrocytes.
PubMed:DL-S-(2-[N-3-(2-oxo-tetrahydrothienyl)acetamido])-thioglycolic acid: a novel mucolytic agent of the class of homocysteine thiolactone derivatives.
PubMed:Effects of cysteine and structurally related compounds on ochratoxin production by Aspergillus ochraceus.
PubMed:Enzymatic oxidation of L-homocysteine.
PubMed:Potential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 10. Base- and amino acid modified analogues of S-aristeromycinyl-L-homocysteine.
PubMed:99mTc-DL-Homocysteine, a potential tumor imaging agent.
PubMed:Impairment of insulin release by methylation inhibitors.
PubMed:Tumor detection with some 99mTc-labeled S-containing amino acids.
PubMed:Oxidation of cysteine to cystine by membrane fractions of Chlorella fusca.
PubMed:Phospholipid methylation in pancreatic islets.
PubMed:Evidence for direct methyl transfer in betaine: homocysteine S-methyl-transferase.
PubMed:The inhibitory effect of L-cysteine and its derivatives on glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.
PubMed:Chemotherapeutic potential of methionine analogue inhibitors of tumor-derived methionine adenosyltransferases.
PubMed:Experimental homocysteinemia in pigs: comparison with studies in sixteen homocystinuric patients.
PubMed:Methionine regulation of N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate: homocysteine methyltransferase and its influence on the growth and protein synthesis in normal, neoplastic, and transformed cells in culture.
PubMed:S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from rat liver. Purification and some properties.
PubMed:Effect of nutritional and enzymatic methionine deprivation upon human normal and malignant cells in tissue culture.
PubMed:Structural requirements for the sequestration of metabolically generated acetaldehyde.
PubMed:Cerebral metabolic and circulatory changes in the rat during sustained seizures induced by DL-homocysteine.
PubMed:Preparation of the bifunctional enzyme ribonuclease-deoxyribonuclease by cross-linkage.
PubMed:Synthetic sulfur-containing amino acids. Inhibition of transport systems in S37 ascites tumor cells.
PubMed:Methionine requirement and replacement by homocysteine in tissue cultures of selected rodent and human malignant and normal cells.
PubMed:Factors affecting methionine toxicity and its alleviation in the chick.
PubMed:Rat liver cysteine dioxygenase (cysteine oxidase). Further purification, characterization, and analysis of the activation and inactivation.
PubMed:Effect of DL-homocysteine on some hepatic folate enzymes and folate concentration in cobalamin-deficient rats.
PubMed:Adenosylhomocysteinase from yellow lupin seeds. Purification and properties.
PubMed:The mode of action of homocysteine on mouse brain glutamic decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.
PubMed:The effect of N-acetylated DL-penicillamine and DL-homocysteine thiolactone on the mercury distribution in adult rats, rat foetuses and macaca monkeys after exposure to methyl mercuric chloride.
PubMed:Search for new treatment approaches in schizophrenia: in vitro studies of potential N-methyltransferase inhibitors.
PubMed:Partial purification and properties of adenosine nucleosidase from leaves of spinach beet (Beta vulgaris L.).
PubMed:Protection against acute toxicity of acetaldehyde in mice.
PubMed:Formation of methyl mercury by bacteria.
PubMed:[Some physical and chemical properties of serinesulfhydrase from chicken liver].
PubMed:Effects of several unusual sulfur-containing amino acids on rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase.
PubMed:Lysine-methionine-threonine interactions in growth and development of Mimulus cardinalis seedlings.
PubMed:Methionine, DL-homocysteine thiolactone and n-acetyl-DL-methionine for ruminants.
PubMed:THE REACTION OF INSULIN WITH N-ACETYL-DL-HOMOCYSTEINE THIOLACTONE: SOME CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS.
PubMed:L-CYSTINE REQUIREMENT FOR PRODUCTION OF COXSACKIE B3 VIRUS IN CULTURED MONKEY HEART CELLS.
PubMed:[Inhibition of enzymatic decarboxylation of amino acids by DL-penicillamine, L-cysteine and DL-homocysteine].
PubMed:Chemical derivatives of alpha-chymotrypsinogen. III. Reaction with N-acetyl-Dl-homocysteine thiolactone.
 
Notes:
A high level of blood serum homocysteine is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, one study which attempted to decrease the risk by lowering homocysteine was not fruitful. This study was conducted on nearly 5000 Norwegian heart attack survivors who already had severe, late-stage heart disease. No study has yet been conducted in a preventive capacity on subjects who are in a relatively good state of health.; Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to increased fractures in elderly persons. The high level of homocysteine will auto-oxidize and react with reactive oxygen intermediates and damage endothelial cells and has a higher risk to form a thrombus. Homocysteine does not affect bone density. Instead, it appears that homocysteine affects collagen by interfering with the cross-linking between the collagen fibers and the tissues they reinforce. Whereas the HOPE-2 trial showed a reduction in stroke incidence, in those with stroke there is a high rate of hip fractures in the affected side. A trial with 2 homocysteine-lowering vitamins (folate and B12) in people with prior stroke, there was an 80% reduction in fractures, mainly hip, after 2 years. Interestingly, also here, bone density (and the number of falls) were identical in the vitamin and the placebo groups.; Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Although its concentration in plasma is only about 10 micromolar (uM), even moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. Elevations in plasma homocysteine are commonly found as a result of vitamin deficiencies, polymorphisms of enzymes of methionine metabolism, and renal disease. Pyridoxal, folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamin B(12) are all required for methionine metabolism, and deficiency of each of these vitamins result in elevated plasma homocysteine. A polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), which is quite common in most populations with a homozygosity rate of 10-15 %, is associated with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, especially in the context of marginal folate intake. Plasma homocysteine is inversely related to plasma creatinine in patients with renal disease. This is due to an impairment in homocysteine removal in renal disease. The role of these factors, and of modifiable lifestyle factors, in affecting methionine metabolism and in determining plasma homocysteine levels is discussed. Homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor modifiable by nutrition and possibly exercise. Homocysteine was first identified as an important biological compound in 1932 and linked with human disease in 1962 when elevated urinary homocysteine levels were found in children with mental retardation. This condition, called homocysteinuria, was later associated with premature occlusive CVD, even in children. These observations led to research investigating the relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and CVD in a wide variety of populations including middle age and elderly men and women with and without traditional risk factors for CVD. (PMID 17136938, 15630149); Homocysteine is an amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CH(NH2)CO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene (-CH2-) group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal C? methyl group. Homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of B-vitamins.; Studies reported in 2006 have shown that giving vitamins [folic acid, B6 and B12] to reduce homocysteine levels may not quickly offer benefit, however a significant 25% reduction in stroke was found in the HOPE-2 study even in patients mostly with existing serious arterial decline although the overall death rate was not significantly changed by the intervention in the trial. Clearly, reducing homocysteine does not quickly repair existing structural damage of the artery architecture. However, the science is strongly supporting the biochemistry that homocysteine degrades and inhibits the formation of the three main structural components of the artery, collagen, elastin and the proteoglycans. Homocysteine permanently degrades cysteine disulfide bridges and lysine amino acid residues in proteins, gradually affecting function and structure. Simply put, homocysteine is a 'corrosive' of long-living proteins, i.e. collagen or elastin, or life-long proteins, i.e. fibrillin. These long-term effects are difficult to establish in clinical trials focusing on groups with existing artery decline. The main role of reducing homocysteine is possibly in 'prevention' but studies thus far have not found benefits from it, and some have actually seen increased risks from consuming B vitamins, leading them to conclude that supplementation is not recommended.
Please share your Comments.
Email Address:
Top of Page Home
Copyright © 1980-2021 The Good Scents Company (tgsc) ™ Disclaimer Privacy Policy