EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

citrinin
3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6H-6-oxobenzo(c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid

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Name:(3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid
CAS Number: 518-75-2Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:208-257-2
FDA UNII: 3S697X6SNZ
Nikkaji Web:J1.573C
Beilstein Number:0088597
MDL:MFCD00006912
XlogP3-AA:1.70 (est)
Molecular Weight:250.25058000
Formula:C13 H14 O5
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:natural substances and extractives
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 water, 2.409e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
None found
 
Suppliers:
Alfa Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Cltrinin 98%
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
(-)-Citrinin > 95%
Odor: characteristic
Use: (-)-Citrinin is antibiotic substance produced by a white spore aspergilus which has been placed under the species name Aspergillus niveus. It is also produced in small quantities by Penicillium citrinum.
Glentham Life Sciences
Citrinin
Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma
For experimental / research use only.
Citrinin from Penicillium citrinum, ≥98% (HPLC)
 
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraperitoneal-hamster LD50 66 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 355, 1978.

oral-hamster LD50 75 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 355, 1978.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 35 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 173, 1946.

oral-mouse LD50 112 mg/kg
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 37, Pg. 139, 1976.

intraperitoneal-rabbit LD50 50 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)"
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 21, Pg. 487, 1983.

intravenous-rabbit LD50 19 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MIOSIS (PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION): EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 173, 1946.

oral-rabbit LD50 134 mg/kg
KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA"
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 21, Pg. 487, 1983.

intraperitoneal-rat LD50 50 mg/kg
Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Vol. 3, Pg. 337, 1955.

Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-guinea pig LD50 37 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 173, 1946.

subcutaneous-mouse LD50 73 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 15, Pg. 29, 1977.

subcutaneous-rat LD50 67 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 173, 1946.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for citrinin usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for citrinin flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
 
Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public and animal health related to the presence of citrinin in food and feed
View page or View pdf

Generation of occurrence data on citrinin in food
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
Carcinogenic Potency Database:Search
EPA GENetic TOXicology:Search
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :54680783
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:3
(3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid
Chemidplus:0000518752
RTECS:DJ2275000 for cas# 518-75-2
 
References:
 (3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):54680783
Pubchem (cas):518-75-2
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
KEGG (GenomeNet):C16765
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):Search
FooDB:FDB005766
Export Tariff Code:2932.90.5000
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
None Found
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 barley seed
Search Trop Picture
 wheat seed
Search Trop Picture
 
Synonyms:
3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid, 4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-, (3R,4S)-
(3R,4S)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid
3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6H-6-oxobenzo(c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid
(3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydroisochromene-7-carboxylic acid
 

Articles:

PubMed:Co-occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health.
PubMed:Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Aspergillus (formerly Eurotium), and its occurrence in indoor environments and food.
PubMed:NAD(+)-dependent HDAC inhibitor stimulates Monascus pigment production but inhibit citrinin.
PubMed:Orf6 gene encoded glyoxalase involved in mycotoxin citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus YY-1.
PubMed:Bacterial species and mycotoxin contamination associated with locust bean, melon and their fermented products in south-western Nigeria.
PubMed:Cytoprotective propensity of green tea polyphenols against citrinin-induced skeletal-myotube damage in C2C12 cells.
PubMed:Adaptive conditions and safety of the application of Penicillium frequentans as a biocontrol agent on stone fruit.
PubMed:PRESENCE OF CITRININ IN GRAINS AND ITS POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS.
PubMed:Electrochemical simulation of biotransformation reactions of citrinin and dihydroergocristine compared to UV irradiation and Fenton-like reaction.
PubMed:Fluconazole treatment enhances extracellular release of red pigments in the fungus Monascus purpureus.
PubMed:Multi-mycotoxin analysis using dried blood spots and dried serum spots.
PubMed:Effects and Mechanism of Blue Light on Monascus in Liquid Fermentation.
PubMed:Determination of two potential toxicity metabolites derived from the disruption of the pksCT gene in Monascus aurantiacus Li As3.4384.
PubMed:Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Penicillium citrinum Cultured with Different Carbon Sources Identifies Genes Involved in Citrinin Biosynthesis.
PubMed:Survey of Penicillia associated with Italian grana cheese.
PubMed:Assessing interactions of binary mixtures of Penicillium mycotoxins (PMs) by using a bovine macrophage cell line (BoMacs).
PubMed:Production of water-soluble yellow pigments via high glucose stress fermentation of Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910.
PubMed:Retrospective analysis of the effects of a highly standardized mixture of Berberis aristata, Silybum marianum, and monacolins K and KA in patients with dyslipidemia.
PubMed:[Red yeast rice: An unsafe food supplement?]
PubMed:Effects of Light Intensity and Color on the Biomass, Extracellular Red Pigment, and Citrinin Production of Monascus ruber.
PubMed:Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Urine: Pilot Study in Mill Workers.
PubMed:Mycobiota of ground red pepper and their aflatoxigenic potential.
PubMed:Deleting the citrinin biosynthesis-related gene, ctnE, to greatly reduce citrinin production in Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384.
PubMed:Influence of physical and chemical characteristics of wine grapes on the incidence of Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi in grapes and ochratoxin A in wines.
PubMed:Enniatin B and beauvericin are common in Danish cereals and show high hepatotoxicity on a high-content imaging platform.
PubMed:Fifteen new species of Penicillium.
PubMed:Citrinin in cereals and feedstuffs coming from Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina.
PubMed:Arginine acts as an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of several mycotoxins.
PubMed:Analysis of Citrinin in Cereals, Red Yeast Rice Dietary Supplement, and Animal Feed by Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and LC with Fluorescence Detection.
PubMed:mrskn7, a putative response regulator gene of Monascus ruber M7, is involved in oxidative stress response, development, and mycotoxin production.
PubMed:Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Human Breast Milk: Current State and Future Perspectives.
PubMed:Biomonitoring of concurrent exposure to ochratoxin A and citrinin in pregnant women in Bangladesh.
PubMed:Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin in "egusi" melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) seeds consumed in Ireland and the United Kingdom.
PubMed:Functional food red yeast rice (RYR) for metabolic syndrome amelioration: a review on pros and cons.
PubMed:Statistical optimization of lovastatin and confirmation of nonexistence of citrinin under solid-state fermentation by Monascus sanguineus.
PubMed:Optimization of submerged fermentation medium for citrinin-free monascin production by Monascus.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxin recognition and removal by naked magnetic nanoparticles.
PubMed:Inactivation of the global regulator LaeA in Monascus ruber results in a species-dependent response in sporulation and secondary metabolism.
PubMed:Development of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction: determination of citrinin in rice samples by liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection.
PubMed:Metabolic Effects of the pksCT Gene on Monascus aurantiacus Li As3.4384 Using Gas Chromatography--Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics.
PubMed:A single-step solid phase extraction for the simultaneous determination of 8 mycotoxins in fruits by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Mycotoxin monitoring for commercial foodstuffs in Taiwan.
PubMed:Prevalence of toxigenic fungi in common medicinal herbs and spices in India.
PubMed:Urinary biomarkers of ochratoxin A and citrinin exposure in two Bangladeshi cohorts: follow-up study on regional and seasonal influences.
PubMed:Bacterial Diversity and Mycotoxin Reduction During Maize Fermentation (Steeping) for Ogi Production.
PubMed:Mycotoxins and cyanogenic glycosides in staple foods of three indigenous people of the Colombian Amazon.
PubMed:Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects.
PubMed:The pigment characteristics and productivity shifting in high cell density culture of Monascus anka mycelia.
PubMed:Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in the Belgian population: Results of the BIOMYCO study.
PubMed:Simultaneous analysis of Alternaria toxins and citrinin in tomato: an optimised method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:High-throughput determination of citrinin in rice by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FL).
PubMed:Hepatotoxic effect of ochratoxin A and citrinin, alone and in combination, and protective effect of vitamin E: In vitro study in HepG2 cell.
PubMed:Mycotoxin Cocktail in the Samples of Oilseed Cake from Early Maturing Cotton Varieties Associated with Cattle Feeding Problems.
PubMed:Effect of aqueous extracts of Mentha arvensis (mint) and Piper betle (betel) on growth and citrinin production from toxigenic Penicillium citrinum.
PubMed:Citrinin Determination in Red Fermented Rice Products by Optimized Extraction Method Coupled to Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
PubMed:Anti-idiotypic nanobody as citrinin mimotope from a naive alpaca heavy chain single domain antibody library.
PubMed:A molecular imprinted SPR biosensor for sensitive determination of citrinin in red yeast rice.
PubMed:Toxic indole alkaloids avrainvillamide and stephacidin B produced by a biocide tolerant indoor mold Aspergillus westerdijkiae.
PubMed:Fungal and bacterial metabolites associated with natural contamination of locally processed rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Nigeria.
PubMed:Protective effect of Monascus fermented rice against STZ-induced diabetic oxidative stress in kidney of rats.
PubMed:Rapid detection of ochratoxin A on membrane by dot immunogold filtration assay.
PubMed:Simple and efficient methodology to determine mycotoxins in cereal syrups.
PubMed:Citrinin detection using phage-displayed anti-idiotypic single-domain antibody for antigen mimicry.
PubMed:Cannabis microbiome sequencing reveals several mycotoxic fungi native to dispensary grade Cannabis flowers.
PubMed:First results on citrinin biomarkers in urines from rural and urban cohorts in Bangladesh.
PubMed:The ctnG gene encodes carbonic anhydrase involved in mycotoxin citrinin biosynthesis from Monascus aurantiacus.
PubMed:Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in spices consumed in Sri Lanka.
PubMed:The biosynthetic pathway for a thousand-year-old natural food colorant and citrinin in Penicillium marneffei.
PubMed:Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for maximal recovery of active monacolins and removal of toxic citrinin from red yeast rice by a full factorial design coupled with response surface methodology.
PubMed:Oxidative stress induces the biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium verrucosum at the expense of ochratoxin.
PubMed:Occurrence of the mycotoxin citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone in urines of German adults.
PubMed:Efficient gene targeting in ligase IV-deficient Monascus ruber M7 by perturbing the non-homologous end joining pathway.
PubMed:Multi-commutated fluorometric optosensor for the determination of citrinin in rice and red yeast rice supplements.
PubMed:Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-accurate QToF mass spectrometry: Chemometrics application.
PubMed:Disturbed Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression and thiol redox status in porcine kidney PK15 cells provoked by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments.
PubMed:Nanomaterial-based biosensors for food toxin detection.
PubMed:Toxicity mechanisms of the food contaminant citrinin: application of a quantitative yeast model.
PubMed:Comparison of extraction methods for analysis of citrinin in red fermented rice.
PubMed:Insights into Monascus biology at the genetic level.
PubMed:Toxicity of the mycotoxin citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone and of mixtures of citrinin and ochratoxin A in vitro.
PubMed:Mycotoxins' activity at toxic and sub-toxic concentrations: differential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of single and combined administration of sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A and citrinin on the hepatocellular cancer cell line Hep3B.
PubMed:Comparative proteome analysis of Penicillium verrucosum grown under light of short wavelength shows an induction of stress-related proteins associated with modified mycotoxin biosynthesis.
PubMed:Production of citrinin-free Monascus pigments by submerged culture at low pH.
PubMed:Cloning and functional analysis of the Gβ gene Mgb1 and the Gγ gene Mgg1 in Monascus ruber.
PubMed:Impact of pH on the stability and the cross-reactivity of ochratoxin A and citrinin.
PubMed:Ochratoxin A and citrinin production by Penicillium verrucosum on cereal solid substrates.
PubMed:Exo-metabolites of mycelial fungi isolated in production premises of cheese-making and meat-processing plants.
PubMed:Deleterious effects of mycotoxin combinations involving ochratoxin A.
PubMed:MpigE, a gene involved in pigment biosynthesis in Monascus ruber M7.
PubMed:A new approach in sample treatment combined with UHPLC-MS/MS for the determination of multiclass mycotoxins in edible nuts and seeds.
PubMed:Producers and important dietary sources of ochratoxin A and citrinin.
PubMed:Fungicides effectively used for growth inhibition of several fungi could induce mycotoxin biosynthesis in toxigenic species.
PubMed:A survey of mycotoxins in domestic rice in Iran by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed:Effect of submerged and solid-state fermentation on pigment and citrinin production by Monascus purpureus.
PubMed:Differences in the regulation of ochratoxin A by the HOG pathway in Penicillium and Aspergillus in response to high osmolar environments.
PubMed:Pigment production by filamentous fungi on agro-industrial byproducts: an eco-friendly alternative.
PubMed:Cell cycle progression, but not genotoxic activity, mainly contributes to citrinin-induced renal carcinogenesis.
PubMed:Citrinin-induced fluidization of the plasma membrane of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
PubMed:Lower citrinin production by gene disruption of ctnB involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384.
PubMed:Stability of monacolin K and citrinin and biochemical characterization of red-koji vinegar during fermentation.
PubMed:Intraspecific variability of HOG1 phosphorylation in Penicillium verrucosum reflects different adaptation levels to salt rich habitats.
PubMed:Development and validation of a QuEChERS based liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in spices.
PubMed:Preparation and application of an immunoaffinity column based on an antibody with strong affinity and packing material with good stability.
PubMed:An extension of the Coconut Cream Agar method to screen Penicillium citrinum isolates for citrinin production.
PubMed:Enhanced production of pigments by addition of surfactants in submerged fermentation of Monascus purpureus H1102.
PubMed:Ku70 and ku80 null mutants improve the gene targeting frequency in Monascus ruber M7.
PubMed:Molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Penicillium expansum.
PubMed:Microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassay for the determination of citrinin in red yeast rice.
PubMed:Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in Silybum marianum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a procedure based on QuEChERS and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
PubMed:Review of red yeast rice content and current Food and Drug Administration oversight.
PubMed:Methods for analysis of citrinin in human blood and urine.
PubMed:High sensitive immunoassay for multiplex mycotoxin detection with photonic crystal microsphere suspension array.
PubMed:Functional characterization of the polyketide synthase gene required for ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Penicillium verrucosum.
PubMed:Development of a rapid LC/DAD/FLD/MS(n) method for the simultaneous determination of monacolins and citrinin in red fermented rice products.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of lovastatin and citrinin in red yeast rice supplements by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
PubMed:A preliminary survey on the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins contaminating red rice at consumer level in Selangor, Malaysia.
PubMed:Wavelength-dependent degradation of ochratoxin and citrinin by light in vitro and in vivo and its implications on Penicillium.
PubMed:Monascus secondary metabolites: production and biological activity.
PubMed:Preparation of an immunoaffinity column for the clean-up of fermented food samples contaminated with citrinin.
PubMed:Mycobiota and mycotoxin contamination of maize flours and popcorn kernels for human consumption commercialized in Spain.
PubMed:Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, citrinin and patulin, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.
PubMed:Quantitation of mycotoxins in food and feed from Burkina Faso and Mozambique using a modern LC-MS/MS multitoxin method.
PubMed:Protective effect of deferricoprogen isolated from Monascus purpureus NTU 568 on citrinin-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells.
PubMed:Studies on apoptotic changes in combined toxicity of citrinin and endosulfan in pregnant wistar rats and their fetuses.
PubMed:Apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in ochratoxin A- and citrinin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits.
PubMed:Immune modulatory effects of the foodborne contaminant citrinin in mice.
PubMed:Microscopic fungi recovered from honey and their toxinogenity.
PubMed:Real-time quantitative analysis of the influence of blue light on citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster expression in Monascus.
PubMed:Development of monacolin K-enriched ganghwayakssuk (Artemisia princeps Pamp.) by fermentation with Monascus pilosus.
PubMed:Development of Monascus fermentation technology for high hypolipidemic effect.
PubMed:Effect of amino acids on red pigments and citrinin production in Monascus ruber.
PubMed:mrflbA, encoding a putative FlbA, is involved in aerial hyphal development and secondary metabolite production in Monascus ruber M-7.
PubMed:The biosynthesis of ochratoxin A by Penicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to NaCl rich foods.
PubMed:Isolation and characterization of the citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster from Monascus aurantiacus.
PubMed:Enhanced hypolipidemic effect and safety of red mold dioscorea cultured in deep ocean water.
PubMed:Citrinin-generated reactive oxygen species cause cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in mouse skin.
PubMed:Synchronous high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry for the determination of citrinin, monascin, ankaflavin, and the lactone and acid forms of monacolin K in red mold rice.
PubMed:Effects of cyclic AMP on development and secondary metabolites of Monascus ruber M-7.
PubMed:Influence of light on food relevant fungi with emphasis on ochratoxin producing species.
PubMed:Metabolic pathways of ochratoxin A.
PubMed:Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware!
PubMed:Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in Czech cereals and comparison of two HPLC methods for ochratoxin A detection.
PubMed:Growth kinetics of biopigment production by Thai isolated Monascus purpureus in a stirred tank bioreactor.
PubMed:A 90-d toxicity study of monascus-fermented products including high citrinin level.
PubMed:Construction of a Monascus purpureus mutant showing lower citrinin and higher pigment production by replacement of ctnA with pks1 without using vector and resistance gene.
PubMed:«Suspects» in etiology of endemic nephropathy: aristolochic acid versus mycotoxins.
PubMed:Identification of Mga1, a G-protein alpha-subunit gene involved in regulating citrinin and pigment production in Monascus ruber M7.
PubMed:Fungal polyketide azaphilone pigments as future natural food colorants?
PubMed:First morphomolecular identification of Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium aurantiogriseum toxicogenic isolates associated with blue mold on apple.
PubMed:Contamination by moulds of grape berries in Slovakia.
PubMed:Multi-mycotoxin analysis of maize silage by LC-MS/MS.
PubMed:Toxicological properties of citrinin.
PubMed:Fungi on wheat bran and their toxinogenity.
PubMed:Red Mold Rice Mitigates Oral Carcinogenesis in 7,12-Dimethyl-1,2-Benz[a]anthracene-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis in Hamster.
PubMed:Mycotoxic nephropathy in Bulgarian pigs and chickens: complex aetiology and similarity to Balkan endemic nephropathy.
PubMed:Production of patulin and citrinin by Penicillium expansum from British Columbia (Canada) apples.
PubMed:Safety evaluation of Monascus purpureus red mould rice in albino rats.
PubMed:Influence of low concentrations of an acid preservative on sponge cakes under different storage conditions.
PubMed:The emerging Fusarium toxin enniatin B: in-vitro studies on its genotoxic potential and cytotoxicity in V79 cells in relation to other mycotoxins.
PubMed:Low occurrence of patulin- and citrinin-producing species isolated from grapes.
PubMed:Red yeast rice fermentation by selected Monascus sp. with deep-red color, lovastatin production but no citrinin, and effect of temperature-shift cultivation on lovastatin production.
PubMed:Mycotoxin analyses in some home produced eggs in Belgium reveal small contribution to the total daily intake.
PubMed:Exploring the distribution of citrinin biosynthesis related genes among Monascus species.
PubMed:Computerized screening for novel producers of Monascus-like food pigments in Penicillium species.
PubMed:Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in sago starch from Papua New Guinea.
PubMed:[Study of toxigenic properties of mycelium fungi--citrinin producents, isolated from foods].
PubMed:The involvement of mycotoxins in the development of endemic nephropathy.
PubMed:Production of mycotoxins by Penicillium expansum inoculated into apples.
PubMed:Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin on viability and DNA fragmentation in cultured Vero cells and on chromosome aberrations in mice bone marrow cells.
PubMed:Ochratoxin A and citrinin producing species of the genus Penicillium from feedstuffs.
PubMed:Occurrence of Penicillium verrucosum in retail wheat flours from the Spanish market.
PubMed:Mevinolin, citrinin and pigments of adlay angkak fermented by Monascus sp.
PubMed:[Investigation of ochratoxin a, B and citrinin contamination in various commercial foods].
PubMed:[Simultaneous determination of ochratoxin A, B and citrinin in foods by HPLC-FL and LC/MS/MS].
PubMed:Effect of processing for saponin removal on fungal contamination of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.).
PubMed:Experimentally induced citrinin and endosulfan toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats: histopathological alterations in liver and kidneys of fetuses.
PubMed:LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs.
PubMed:Cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in kidney cells exposed to the mycotoxins ochratoxin a and citrinin: individual and combined effects.
PubMed:A simple and rapid approach for removing citrinin while retaining monacolin K in red mold rice.
PubMed:Biologically active components and nutraceuticals in the Monascus-fermented rice: a review.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in rice.
PubMed:Monascus rice products.
PubMed:Optimization of production of monacolin K from gamma-irradiated Monascus mutant by use of response surface methodology.
PubMed:New molecular and field evidences for the implication of mycotoxins but not aristolochic acid in human nephropathy and urinary tract tumor.
PubMed:Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage.
PubMed:Improving the ratio of monacolin K to citrinin production of Monascus purpureus NTU 568 under dioscorea medium through the mediation of pH value and ethanol addition.
PubMed:Cloning and sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA of a novel yp05 gene associated with citrinin production in Monascus aurantiacus.
PubMed:[Preparation and identification of a monoclonal antibody against citrinin].
PubMed:Suppression of ochratoxin biosynthesis by naturally occurring alkaloids.
PubMed:Citrinin and endosulfan induced maternal toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats: pathomorphological study.
PubMed:Evaluation of toxicity of the mycotoxin citrinin using yeast ORF DNA microarray and Oligo DNA microarray.
PubMed:Construction of a replacement vector to disrupt pksCT gene for the mycotoxin citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus aurantiacus and maintain food red pigment production.
PubMed:Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity.
PubMed:Citrinin and endosulfan induced teratogenic effects in Wistar rats.
PubMed:Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review.
PubMed:[The method of the simultaneous determination of the citrinin and ochratoxin A content in cereals and cereal products].
PubMed:Development and application of analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins in organic and conventional wheat.
PubMed:A novel formulation approach for preparation of nanoparticulate red mold rice.
PubMed:Synchronous analysis method for detection of citrinin and the lactone and acid forms of monacolin K in red mold rice.
PubMed:Preliminary data on the presence of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, citrinin and aflatoxin B1) in black table olives "Greek style" of Moroccan origin.
PubMed:Mycoflora and multimycotoxin detection in corn silage: experimental study.
PubMed:Toxicological evaluation of red mould rice.
PubMed:Ochratoxin A and citrinin loads in stored wheat grains: impact of grain dust and possible prediction using ergosterol measurement.
PubMed:Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic fungi, and citrinin production in black olives.
PubMed:In vivo hypolipidemic effects and safety of low dosage Monascus powder in a hamster model of hyperlipidemia.
PubMed:[Natural occurrence of citrinin in Monascus products].
PubMed:Citrinin induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells via activation of the mitochondrial pathway.
PubMed:Combinatory effects of citrinin and ochratoxin A in immortalized human proximal tubule cells.
PubMed:Toxigenic fungi isolated from dried vine fruits in Argentina.
PubMed:[Safety of rice grains and mycotoxins - a historical review of yellow rice mycotoxicoses].
PubMed:Production and stability of patulin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, and cyclopiazonic acid on dry cured ham.
PubMed:Two primer pairs to detect OTA producers by PCR method.
PubMed:Study on red fermented rice with high concentration of monacolin K and low concentration of citrinin.
PubMed:Serial analysis of gene expression in Monascus aurantiacus producing citrinin.
PubMed:Conditions that regulate the growth of moulds inoculated into bottled mineral water.
PubMed:Fungal populations and mycotoxins in silage in Assiut and Sohag governorates in Egypt, with a special reference to characteristic Aspergilli toxins.
PubMed:Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens. Mycotoxins.
PubMed:Mycological survey of ripped service tree fruits (Sorbus domestica L.) with an emphasis on toxinogenic fungi.
PubMed:The effect of substrate on mycotoxin production of selected Penicillium strains.
PubMed:Evaluation of citrinin occurrence and cytotoxicity in Monascus fermentation products.
PubMed:Modified mutation method for screening low citrinin-producing strains of Monascus purpureus on rice culture.
PubMed:Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins.
PubMed:[A brief introduction of citrinin and study progress of its immunoassay methods].
PubMed:Penicillium expansum: consistent production of patulin, chaetoglobosins, and other secondary metabolites in culture and their natural occurrence in fruit products.
PubMed:[Study on the production of citrinin by Monascus strains used in food industry].
PubMed:New monascus metabolites with a pyridine structure in red fermented rice.
PubMed:Mycotoxins.
PubMed:Committee on natural toxins and food allergens. Mycotoxins.
PubMed:Antioxidant nutrients and mycotoxins.
PubMed:Citrinin production and stability in cheese.
PubMed:New monascus metabolite isolated from red yeast rice (angkak, red koji).
PubMed:Co-occurrence of patulin and citrinin in Portuguese apples with rotten spots.
PubMed:Biology and ecology of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species as related to economic and health concerns.
PubMed:Detection of ochratoxin A-induced DNA damage in MDCK cells by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay).
PubMed:Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: a review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in South African traditionally brewed beers.
PubMed:Inhibitory effects of eugenol and thymol on Penicillium citrinum strains in culture media and cheese.
PubMed:Biochemical characterization of ochratoxin A-producing strains of the genus Penicillium.
PubMed:Immunochemical method for citrinin.
PubMed:Mycotoxin production on rice, pulses and oilseeds.
PubMed:Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals from Bulgarian villages with a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy.
PubMed:A screen of yeast respiratory mutants for sensitivity against the mycotoxin citrinin identifies the vacuolar ATPase as an essential factor for the toxicity mechanism.
PubMed:Citrinin in the diet of young and healthy persons living in balkan endemic nephropathy areas.
PubMed:Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic behavior of the mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A.
PubMed:Rapid determination of citrinin in corn by fluorescence liquid chromatography and enzyme immunoassay.
PubMed:Mycotoxin contamination of maize grains grown in Karnataka (India).
PubMed:Mutagenicity of commercial Monascus fermentation products and the role of citrinin contamination.
PubMed:Studies on toxigenic fungi in roasted foodstuff (salted seed) and halotolerant activity of emodin-producing Aspergillus wentii.
PubMed:Cytotoxicity of nephrotoxic fungal toxins to kidney-derived LLC-PK1 and OK cell lines.
PubMed:Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species.
PubMed:Influence of water activity on Penicillium citrinum growth and kinetics of citrinin accumulation in wheat.
PubMed:Aneuploidogenic and clastogenic potential of the mycotoxins citrinin and patulin.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: III. Determination of mycotoxins in rice bran.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in ingredients of animal feeding stuffs: II. Determination of mycotoxins in maize and maize products.
PubMed:Rapid semi-quantitative fluorimetric determination of citrinin in fungal cultures isolated from cheese and cheese factories.
PubMed:Semi-quantitative method with fluorescence detection of citrinin in fungal cultures isolated from cheese and cheese factories.
PubMed:Occurrence of mycotoxins in raw ingredients used for animal feeding stuffs in the United Kingdom in 1992.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in fungal contaminated samples of animal feed from western Canada, 1982-1994.
PubMed:Determination of citrinin in barley by indirect and direct enzyme immunoassay.
PubMed:Mycotoxins transmitted into beer from contaminated grains during brewing.
PubMed:Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in food stuffs in Egypt.
PubMed:Production of lipase free of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum.
PubMed:Characterization of monascidin A from Monascus as citrinin.
PubMed:Mycotoxin methodology.
PubMed:Natural occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in cereals in the United Kingdom.
PubMed:Surveillance programmes for managing risks from naturally occurring toxicants.
PubMed:An indirect enzyme immunoassay for the mycotoxin citrinin.
PubMed:Mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi isolated from amaranth seeds in Argentina.
PubMed:Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in different spices in Egypt.
PubMed:Nephrotoxigenic Penicillium species occurring on farm-stored cereal grains in western Canada.
PubMed:Detoxification of citrinin and ochratoxin A by hydrogen peroxide.
PubMed:Interaction of citrinin and ochratoxin A.
PubMed:Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of citrinin using Hydra attenuata and postimplantation rat whole embryo culture.
PubMed:Fungal flora and mycotoxins of six kinds of nut seeds for human consumption in Saudi Arabia.
PubMed:Citrinin-producing capacity of Penicillium expansum strains from apple packinghouses of Lerida (Spain).
PubMed:Toxicity evaluation of the mycotoxins, citrinin and ochratoxin A, using several animal cell lines.
PubMed:Nonlinear statistical models for the joint action of toxins.
PubMed:Mycoflora and mycotoxin of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) seeds in Egypt.
PubMed:Survey of mycoflora and mycotoxins of some dried fruits in Egypt.
PubMed:Citrinin.
PubMed:Ochratoxin A production in Bavarian cereal grains stored at 15 and 19% moisture content.
PubMed:In vitro effects of the nephrotoxins ochratoxin A and citrinin upon biochemical function of porcine kidney.
PubMed:Analysis of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feed using a multi-toxin gel permeation chromatography clean-up method.
PubMed:Cytotoxicity of Citrinin Heated at Temperatures above 100°C.
PubMed:The biosynthesis of polyketide-derived mycotoxins.
PubMed:The influence of contamination with separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, citrinin, patulin, penicillic acid or sterigmatocystin) on the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of some roughages (berseem hay and wheat straw).
PubMed:[Cold storage of wheat. 1. Ergosterol, ochratoxin A and citrinin after inoculation with Penicillium verrucosum].
PubMed:Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic moulds in nuts and sunflower seeds for human consumption.
PubMed:Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria.
PubMed:Porcine nephropathy in Europe.
PubMed:Subacute toxicity testing of ochratoxin A and citrinin in swine.
PubMed:Mycotoxin production in amber durum wheat stored at 15 and 19% moisture content.
PubMed:Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi on cereal grains in western Canada.
PubMed:Alteration of immune function following dietary mycotoxin exposure.
PubMed:Occurrence of some mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, zearalenone and vomitoxin) in various Egyptian feeds.
PubMed:Survey of the mycoflora and mycotoxins of cotton seeds and cotton seed products in Egypt.
PubMed:Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, or citrinin)-contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue constituents.
PubMed:Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in some cereals.
PubMed:Studies on a toxic metabolite from the mould Wallemia.
PubMed:Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds--an update.
PubMed:High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of citrinin in cereals using an acid-buffered silica gel column.
PubMed:Temperature influence on Penicillium citrinum thom growth and citrinin accumulation kinetics.
PubMed:Mycotoxin production by molds isolated from 'Greek-style' black olives.
PubMed:Standardized high-performance liquid chromatography of 182 mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites based on alkylphenone retention indices and UV-VIS spectra (diode array detection).
PubMed:Mycotoxin formation in moist 2-row and 6-row barley during granary storage.
PubMed:Simultaneous determination of the mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A in wheat and barley by high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:Cytotoxicity of citrinin in cultured kidney epithelial cell systems.
PubMed:Correlation between alimentary mycotoxin contamination and specific diseases.
PubMed:Effect of heat drying of corn on the extraction of citrinin.
PubMed:The effect of drying method and storage time on citrinin activity in corn.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part XI. Simple multidetection procedure for determination of 11 mycotoxins in cereals.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit: clinicopathological alterations.
PubMed:Chemical confirmatory tests for ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone performed directly on thin layer chromatographic plates.
PubMed:Effect of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and citrinin in the rat.
PubMed:Natural occurrence of the mycotoxin viomellein in barley and the associated quinone-producing penicillia.
PubMed:Survey of molds and mycotoxins for their ability to cause feed refusal in chickens.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit.
PubMed:A selective and indicative medium for groups of Penicillium viridicatum producing different mycotoxins in cereals.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part VII. A simple method to assay mycotoxin potential of cereal grain and cereal products.
PubMed:[Organization of the system of control of food contamination with mycotoxins].
PubMed:Mycotoxin formation in moist wheat under controlled temperatures.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens.
PubMed:Physiological criteria and mycotoxin production as AIDS in identification of common asymmetric penicillia.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part I. Ochratoxin, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid and toxigenic fungi in cereal grain.
PubMed:The occurrence of ochratoxin A in mouldy bread and flour.
PubMed:Inhibitory action of citrinin on cultured hepatoma cells.
PubMed:Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit.
PubMed:Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.
PubMed:In vivo and in vitro changes in renal function caused by ochratoxin A in the rat.
PubMed:[A chromatographic method of simultaneous semi-quantitative analysis of eight mycotoxins in grain].
PubMed:Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. XII. The influence of the water activity (a-w) of cakes on the growth of moulds and the formation of mycotoxins.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat. II. Clinicopathological observations.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat. I. Toxicology and pathology.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster.
PubMed:Casual associations of mycotoxic nephropathy.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the guinea-pig.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. X. Production of citrinin by Penicillium chrysogenum in bread.
PubMed:Produciton and biological activity of patulin and citrinin from Penicillium expansum.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the mouse.
PubMed:Effects of prenatal administration of citrinin and viriditoxin to mice.
PubMed:Effects of volatile bacterial metabolites on the growth, sporulation and mycotoxin production of fungi.
PubMed:Screening method for the detection of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, penicillic acid, and citrinin.
PubMed:Mycotoxins in food.
PubMed:Mycotoxin-producing potential of mold flora of dried beans.
PubMed:Citrinin mycotoxicosis in beagle dogs.
PubMed:Fate of ochratoxin A and citrinin during malting and brewing experiments.
PubMed:Production of citrinin by Penicillium viridicatum on country-cured ham.
PubMed:Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy.
PubMed:Mycotoxin-producing strains of Penicillium viridicatum: classification into subgroups.
PubMed:A rapid procedure for the isolation, identification and estimation of citrinin.
PubMed:Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, citrinin, and sterigmatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products.
PubMed:Brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) larvae as a screening system for fungal toxins.
PubMed:Studies on fungal nephrotoxicity. 2. Isolation of two nephrotoxic compounds from Penicillium viridicatum Westling: citrinin and oxalic acid.
 
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