EU/US Properties Organoleptics Cosmetics Suppliers Safety Safety in use Safety references References Other Blenders Uses Occurrence Synonyms Articles Notes
 

laevo-histidine
L-histidine

Supplier Sponsors

CAS Number: 71-00-1Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other(deleted CASRN):150-35-6
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:200-745-3
FDA UNII: 4QD397987E
Nikkaji Web:J4.881J
Beilstein Number:0084088
MDL:MFCD00064315
CoE Number:17008
XlogP3-AA:-3.20 (est)
Molecular Weight:155.15713000
Formula:C6 H9 N3 O2
BioActivity Summary:listing
NMR Predictor:Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category:special dietary and nutritional additives
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar:Search
Google Books:Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist:Search
Google Patents:Search
US Patents:Search
EU Patents:Search
Pubchem Patents:Search
PubMed:Search
NCBI:Search
JECFA Food Flavoring:1431 L-histidine
DG SANTE Food Flavourings:17.008 L-histidine
FEMA Number:3694 L-histidine
FDA:No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF):71-00-1 ; L-HISTIDINE
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart D--Special Dietary and Nutritional Additives
Sec. 172.320 Amino acids.
 
Physical Properties:
Appearance:white crystalline powder (est)
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 282.00 to 287.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 458.87 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 448.00 °F. TCC ( 231.11 °C. )
logP (o/w): -1.418 (est)
Soluble in:
 water, 4.193e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
 water, 4.56E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
 
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Strength:none
Odor Description:at 100.00 %. odorless
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng:cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: antistatic agents
humectants
skin conditioning
 
Suppliers:
Ajinomoto USA
L-Histidine
Flavor: characteristic
L-histidine is one of the 10 essential amino acids for infants. Most lists of amino acids classify L-histidine as an essential amino acid; however, it has never been clear if L-histidine is an essential amino acid for adults. Even though L-histidine is synthesized by the body, sufficient quantities may not be made to meet the physiological requirements imposed by certain stress or disease situations.
Alfa Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
histidine 98%
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine;H-His-OH
Charkit Chemical
HISTIDINE BASE, L-
EMD Millipore
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine, Free Base
Glentham Life Sciences
L-Histidine
Graham Chemical
L-Histidine
Indis NV
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine
Penta International
L-HISTIDINE BASE FCC
Penta International
L-HISTIDINE BASE NATURAL
Penta International
L-HISTIDINE BASE USP
Penta International
L-HISTIDINE BASE
Prinova
L-Histidine
Qingdao Dacon Trading
L-Histidine Base
Sarchem Laboratories
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine ReagentPlus®, ≥99% (TLC)
Synerzine
L-Histidine
TCI AMERICA
For experimental / research use only.
L-Histidine >99.0%(HPLC)(T)
United International
L-Histidine
 
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
None - None found.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 22 - Do not breath dust.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 > 8000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

oral-mouse LD50 > 15000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

intravenous-mouse LD50 > 2000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 > 10000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

intravenous-rat LD50 > 2000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

oral-rat LD50 > 15000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 > 10000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

subcutaneous-rat LD50 > 10000 mg/kg
Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1253, 1981.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
 
Safety in Use Information:
Category:
special dietary and nutritional additives
Recommendation for laevo-histidine usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 9.50 (μg/capita/day)
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 13. Update in publication number(s): 30
Click here to view publication 13
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: 10.00000150.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): 200.00000200.00000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: --
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: 20.00000150.00000
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: --
fruit ices: --
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: --
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: 30.00000150.00000
milk products: 10.00000150.00000
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
 
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Amino acids from chemical group 34 Flavouring Group Evaluation 26, Revision 1 - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 29 (FGE29)[1] - Substance from the priority list: Vinylbenzene from chemical group 31 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 79, (FGE.79)[1] - Consideration of amino acids and related substances evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to amino acids from chemical group 34 evaluated by EFSA in FGE.26Rev1 (2008)
View page or View pdf

Scientific Report of EFSA on the risk assessment of salts of authorised acids, phenols or alcohols for use in food contact materials [1]
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of the use of amino acids (chemical group 34) when used as flavourings for all animal species
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1 (FGE.49Rev1): xanthine alkaloids from the priority list
View page or View pdf

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of l-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced with Escherichia coli NITE SD 00268 for salmonids and its extension of use to other fin fish
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
ClinicalTrials.gov:search
Daily Med:search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):71-00-1
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :6274
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:1
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
Chemidplus:0000071001
RTECS:MS3070000 for cas# 71-00-1
 
References:
 (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:71-00-1
Pubchem (cid):6274
Pubchem (sid):134972135
 
Other Information:
(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
Golm Metabolome Database:Search
Metabolomics Database:Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):C00135
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB00177
FooDB:FDB011856
YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database):YMDB00369
Export Tariff Code:2933.29.9000
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:View
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View
Formulations/Preparations:
•ecristidine; & larostidin. l-histidine monohydrochloride •available commercially as l(+)-histidine hydrochloride and as the free base. •found naturally in the l(-) form.
 
Potential Blenders and core components note
None Found
 
Potential Uses:
 antistatic agents
 humectants
 skin conditioning
 
Occurrence (nature, food, other):note
 almond seed
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 apple fruit
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 apricot fruit
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 artichoke jerusalem artichoke tuber
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 asparagus shoot
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 avocado fruit
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 banana fruit
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 basil leaf
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 bean adzuki bean seed
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 bean asparagus bean fruit
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 bean asparagus bean seed
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 bean banner bean seed
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 bean black bean fruit
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 bean black bean seed
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 bean black bean sprout
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 bean butter bean seed
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 bean fava bean seed
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 bean field bean fruit
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 bean mat bean seed
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 bean mung bean seed
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 bean mung bean sprout
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 bean winged bean leaf
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 bean winged bean tuber
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 bean yam bean tuber
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 beet root
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 blueberry fruit
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 brazil nut
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 breadfruit seed
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 broccoli asparagus broccoli leaf
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 brussel sprout leaf
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 buckwheat seed
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 burdock root
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 butternut seed
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 cabbage leaf
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 cacao bean
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 caraway seed
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 carob bean seed
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 carrot root
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 cashew nut
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 cassava root
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 cayenne fruit
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 celery plant
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 chayote fruit
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 chestnut sweet chestnut nut
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 chickpea seed
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 chicory leaf
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 chive leaf
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 coconut leaf
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 coconut seed
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 coriander fruit
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 coriander seed
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 corn embryo
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 corn seed
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 cucumber fruit
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 date palm fruit
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 dill seed
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 eggplant fruit
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 endive leaf
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 evening-primrose seed
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 fennel seed
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 fenugreek
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 fenugreek seed
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 fig fruit
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 flax seed
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 garlic bulb
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 ginger root
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 ginkgo biloba seed
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 goosefoot leaf
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 gourd calabash gourd fruit
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 grape fruit
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 guava fruit
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 guava strawberry guava fruit
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 kohlrabi stem
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 leek wild leek plant
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 lentil seed
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 lentil sprout
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 lettuce lamb's lettuce plant
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 lettuce leaf
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 lotus indian lotus rhizome
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 lotus indian lotus seed
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 lupine white lupine seed
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 macadamia nut
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 mallow jew's mallow leaf
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 mandarin fruit
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 mango fruit
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 marango shoot
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 melon bitter melon seed
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 mushroom shiitake mushroom fruit
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 mustard white mustard seed
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 oat seed
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 okra fruit
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 onion bulb
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 orange fruit
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 papaya fruit
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 pea black-eyed pea seed
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 pea fruit
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 pea pigeon pea seed
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 pea seed
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 peach fruit
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 peanut seed
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 pear fruit
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 pepper bell pepper fruit
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 peppermint leaf
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 pigweed leaf
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 pine pinyon pine seed
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 pineapple fruit
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 pistachio nut
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 plum fruit
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 poppy opium poppy seed
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 potato sweet potato root
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 potato tuber
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 purslane herb
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 radish root
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 rosemary leaf
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 rye seed
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 saffron bulb
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 sesame seed
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 soybean seed
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 soybean shoot
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 spearmint leaf
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 spinach indian spinach leaf
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 spinach plant
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 spinach water spinach leaf
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 squash summer squash fruit
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 star fruit fruit
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 sunflower seed
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 taro leaf
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 taro root
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 tea leaf
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 tomato fruit
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 turnip indian turnip fruit
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 turnip indian turnip root
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 walnut black walnut nut
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 walnut english walnut nut
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 watercress herb
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 watermelon fruit
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 watermelon seed
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 wheat seed
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 yam mountain yam root
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Synonyms:
L-alanine, 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-
(S)-a-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid
(S)-a-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
a-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, (S)-
(S)-4-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) imidazole
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-imidazolyl) propionsaeure
(S)-2-amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid
L-(+)-2-amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3,4-imidazyl propionic acid
2-amino-3(4-imidasyl)propionic acid
alpha-amino-4-imidazole propionic acid
alpha-amino-4(or 5)-imidazole propionic acid
a-amino-4(or 5)-imidazolepropionic acid
 glyoxaline-5-alanine
(L)-histidine
(S)-histidine
L-histidine
L-(-)-histidine
S-histidine
L-histidine base
L-histidine base natural
 histidine, L-
 hydrogen L-histidinate
3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-L-alanine
(S)-1H-imidazole-4-alanine
1H-imidazole-4-alanine, (S)-
1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid, a-amino-, (S)-
L-beta-(4-imidazolyl)-alpha-alanin
laevo-beta-(4-imidazolyl)-alpha-alanin
 plexamine
 

Articles:

PubMed:Biological functions of histidine-dipeptides and metabolic syndrome.
PubMed:EPR spectroscopy of a clinically active (1:2) copper(II)-histidine complex used in the treatment of Menkes disease: a Fourier transform analysis of a fluid CW-EPR spectrum.
PubMed:pH-Sensitive nano-systems for drug delivery in cancer therapy.
PubMed:Chiral separation-based ligand exchange by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.
PubMed:A 'conovenomic' analysis of the milked venom from the mollusk-hunting cone snail Conus textile--the pharmacological importance of post-translational modifications.
PubMed:A novel amperometric biosensor based on a co-crosslinked L-lysine-α-oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer for the highly selective determination of L-lysine.
PubMed:Hydrolysis of wheat gluten by combining peptidases of Flammulina velutipes and electrodialysis.
PubMed:Determination and frying loss of histamine in striped marlin fillets implicated in a foodborne poisoning.
PubMed:Effect of metformin on the urinary metabolites of diet-induced-obese mice studied by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF/MS).
PubMed:L-carnosine modulates respiratory burst and reactive oxygen species production in neutrophil biochemistry and function: may oral dosage form of non-hydrolized dipeptide L-carnosine complement anti-infective anti-influenza flu treatment, prevention and self-care as an alternative to the conventional vaccination?
PubMed:Preparation and use of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels containing L-histidine for β-casein adsorption.
PubMed:Characterization of ergothionase from Burkholderia sp. HME13 and its application to enzymatic quantification of ergothioneine.
PubMed:Biogenic amine content, histamine-forming bacteria, and adulteration of pork in tuna sausage products.
PubMed:Safety of a probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia according to a variety of health indices in different age groups.
PubMed:GC-MS based metabolomics for rapid simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Muenchen, and Salmonella Hartford in ground beef and chicken.
PubMed:Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in age-related neurodegeneration: prevalence related to patient selection, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic treatment of aged clients receiving clinical neurology and community-based care.
PubMed:Gelatin enhances 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production based on Ketogulonigenium vulgare genome annotation.
PubMed:Sensory-guided identification of N-(1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidin-2-ylidene)-alpha-amino acids as contributors to the thick-sour and mouth-drying orosensation of stewed beef juice.
PubMed:The bioactive dipeptide anserine is transported by human proton-coupled peptide transporters.
PubMed:Sensory-directed identification of beta-alanyl dipeptides as contributors to the thick-sour and white-meaty orosensation induced by chicken broth.
PubMed:Identification of genetic and phenotypic differences associated with prevalent and non-prevalent Salmonella Enteritidis phage types: analysis of variation in amino acid transport.
PubMed:Kokumi-active glutamyl peptides in cheeses and their biogeneration by Penicillium roquefortii.
PubMed:Intestinal absorption and blood clearance of L-histidine-related compounds after ingestion of anserine in humans and comparison to anserine-containing diets.
PubMed:L-histidine enhances learning in stressed zebrafish.
PubMed:Protein properties of mackerel viscera extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide.
PubMed:Iron (III) porphyrin bearing 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol pendants deposited onto gold electrodes for amperometric determination of L-histidine.
PubMed:Carnosine [corrected] increases efficiency of DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease: a pilot study.
PubMed:Fast and simultaneous detection of heavy metals using a simple and reliable microchip-electrochemistry route: An alternative approach to food analysis.
PubMed:Radical acetylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine and L-histidine coupled to the reaction of diacetyl with peroxynitrite in aerated medium.
PubMed:Effects of Maillard reaction products on hilA expression in Salmonella typhimurium.
PubMed:Nalpha-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-histidine ("D-Fructose-L-histidine"): a potent copper chelator from tomato powder.
PubMed:Amino acid and carbohydrate preferences in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice.
PubMed:Fasting-induced changes in ECL cell gene expression.
PubMed:Involvement of the histaminergic system on appetitive learning and its interaction with haloperidol in goldfish.
PubMed:Carnosine concentration of ingested meat affects carnosine net release into the portal vein of minipigs.
PubMed:Food components inhibiting recombinant human histidine decarboxylase activity.
PubMed:Solubility and crystal structure of N-(1-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranos-1-yl)-l-histidine monohydrate ('D-fructose-l-histidine').
PubMed:Purification and characterization of a halotolerant intracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain FP-133.
PubMed:Interactions between carnosine and captopril on free radical scavenging activity and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in vitro.
PubMed:Histidine intake may negatively correlate with energy intake in human: a cross-sectional study in Japanese female students aged 18 years.
PubMed:Pyrolytic acrylamide formation from purified wheat gluten and gluten-supplemented wheat bread rolls.
PubMed:Effects of non-ionic surfactants on isotachophoretic separations of 2-arylpropionic acids.
PubMed:Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef.
PubMed:Development of a whole-cell-based biosensor for detecting histamine as a model toxin.
PubMed:Effect of central administration of carnosine and its constituents on behaviors in chicks.
PubMed:Effects of cyclo (his-pro) plus zinc on glucose metabolism in genetically diabetic obese mice.
PubMed:Inhibition of diphenolase activity of tyrosinase by vitamin b(6) compounds.
PubMed:Neuronal storage of histamine in the brain and tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion in portocaval shunted rats.
PubMed:Histidine suppresses food intake through its conversion into neuronal histamine.
PubMed:In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine.
PubMed:Role of central histaminergic system in lorazepam withdrawal syndrome in rats.
PubMed:The histaminergic system in the brain: structural characteristics and changes in hibernation.
PubMed:Influence of dietary β-alanine and histidine on the oxidative stability of pork.
PubMed:Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to supplements of individual essential amino acids in a semipurified diet, including an estimate of the maintenance requirement for essential amino acids.
PubMed:[The characteristics of parenteral feeding in patients with kidney failure].
PubMed:Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity study of L-histidine monohydrochloride in F344 rats.
PubMed:Studies on the formation of lysinomethylalanine and histidinomethylalanine in milk products.
PubMed:The significance of apical K+ channels in mudpuppy feeding behavior.
PubMed:[13-week subchronic toxicity study of L-histidine monohydrochloride in F344 rats].
PubMed:Human urinary excretion of L-histidine-related compounds after ingestion of several meats and fish muscle.
PubMed:Detection and identification of the cross-linking amino acids N tau- and N pi-(2'-amino-2'-carboxy-ethyl)-L-histidine ("histidinoalanine", HAL) in heated milk products.
PubMed:Measurement and characterization of histamine and methylhistamine in human urine under histamine-rich and histamine-poor diets.
PubMed:Interorgan transport and catabolism of carnosine and anserine in rainbow trout.
PubMed:Changes in histamine metabolism in the brains of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
PubMed:Comparative effects of individual amino acid excesses when added to a corn-soybean meal diet: effects on growth and dietary choice in the chick.
PubMed:Differential effect of total food withdrawal and dietary protein restriction on brain content of free histidine in the rat.
PubMed:Practical observations on the methodology for determining 3-methyl-l-histidine using fluorescamine derivatives.
PubMed:Variations in the levels of 3-methyl-l-histidine of the myosins within the bovine carcass.
PubMed:The effect of L-histidine on acute cobalt intoxication in rats.
PubMed:Effect of zinc deficiency on histidine metabolism in rats.
PubMed:Intestinal transport of amino acids in protein-deficient rats and the effect of rehabilitation using a casein diet.
PubMed:Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12,907 as an animal feed supplement.
PubMed:Failure of oral L-histidine to influence appetite or affect zinc metabolism in man: a double-blind study.
PubMed:In-vitro studies on intestinal malabsorption of amino-acids in young chicks infected with Eimeria acervulina.
PubMed:Further studies on intestinal active transport during semistarvation.
PubMed:Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in age-related neurodegeneration: prevalence related to patient selection, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic treatment of aged clients receiving clinical neurology and community-based care.
 
Notes:
an essential amino acid that is required for the production of histamine. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient Histidine (abbreviated as His or H) is one of the 20 standard amino acids present in proteins. Nutritionally, histidine is considered an essential amino acid in human infants. After reaching several years of age, humans begin to synthesize it and it thus becomes a non-essential amino acid. Its codons are CAU and CAC.; Is found abundantly in hemoglobin; The amino acid is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis.; The imidazole sidechain of histidine is a common coordinating ligand in metalloproteins and is a part of catalytic sites in certain enzymes. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine is used to abstract a proton from serine, threonine or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons, it can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively-charged intermediate and then use another molecule, a buffer, to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. In carbonic anhydrases, a histidine proton shuttle is utilized to rapidly shuttle protons away from a zinc-bound water molecule to quickly regenerate the active form of the enzyme.; histidine is an essential amino acid for infants but not adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of too-rapid removal of histidine from their blood. histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-inflammatory properties. histidine may accomplish this function through a complex interaction with threonine or cysteine and possibly copper. However, copper is usually elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients and worsens the disease. Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. histidine has been claimed to have been useful in hypertension because of its vasodilatory effects. Claims of its use to improve libido and counteract allergy are without proof at present. histidine may have many other possible functions because it is the precursor of the ubiquitous neurohormone-neurotransmitter histamine. histidine increases histamine in the blood and probably in the brain. Low blood histamine with low serum histidine occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Low blood histamine also occurs in some manic, schizophrenic, high copper and hyperactive groups of psychiatric patients. histidine is a useful therapy in all low histamine patients. ( http://www.dcnutrition.com )
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